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Ch.3
Ch.3 Brain
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neurogenesis | Production of new Neurons |
| Apoptosis | Neuron death by not finding a postsynaptic cell |
| Radial Glia | Neural cells that provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development; About 1 million neurons migrate along radial glia in a day |
| Progenitor cells | Stem cells that give rise to CNS |
| Ipsilateral | refers to structures on the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | refers to structures on the opposite side of the body |
| Meninges | protective layers encasing the nervous system |
| Ventricles | Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid |
| sulci | small grooves |
| fissures | large grooves |
| gyri | bulges between sulci and fissures |
| gray matter | cerebral cortex |
| white matter | large concentration of myelin (causes the tissue to appear opaque or white), located beneath the cerebral cortex |
| frontal lobe | includes everything in front of the central sulcus |
| parietal lobe | (the wall)located behind the central sulcus, caudal to the frontal lobe |
| temporal lobe | (the "temple") juts forward from the base of the brain vental to the frontal and parietal lobes |
| occipital lobe | lies at the very back of the brain |
| Motor association cortex | (premotor cortex), located rostral to primary motor cortex and controls the primary motor cortex |
| prefrontal cortex | rostral to premotor cortex, and is involved in formulating plans and strategies |
| left hemisphere | recognizes serial events |
| right hemisphere | specialized for synthesis, and puts isolated elements together to perceive things as a whole |
| Limbic system | Integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behavior and learning |
| Hippocampus | forming new long term memories and spatial memory |
| Amygdala | coordinates emotional responses through connections with other brain areas |
| Basal ganglia | Involved in the control of movement. Includes caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus |
| Thalamus | projects information to specific brain regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it |
| Hypothalamus | involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, controls the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary gland (endocrine system) | Hypothalamus secretes hormones that in turn cause the pituitary gland to secrete hormones |
| Anterior pituitary gland | release anterior pituitary hormones |
| Posterior pituitary gland | terminal buttons release posterior pituitary hormones |
| midbrain (mesencephalon) | surrounds the crebral aqueduct and consists of two major parts:the tectum and the tegmentum |
| tectum | "roof" located in the dorsal portion of the mesencephalon; principal structures are superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi which appear as four bumps on the dorsal surface of the brain stem |
| tectum | contains parts of the visual and auditory systems |
| Tegmentum | ventral part of midbrain includes: periaqueductal, reticular formation and substantia nigra |
| periaqueductal | important for fighting, mating, and modulation of pain |
| reticular formation | large interconnected network- influences: arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone, etc. |
| substantia nigra | critical for initiation and modulation of movement; degeneration causes Parkinson's disease |
| Hindbrain | surrounds the fourth ventricle, consists of two major divisions the metencephalon and the myelencephalon |
| metencephanlon | consists of the cerebellum and the pons |
| cerebellum (little brain) | with it's two hemispheres, resembles a miniature version of the cerebrum. Each hemisphere is attatched to the dorsal surface of the pons by bundles of axons: superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles |
| cerebellar cortex | covers cerebellum and has a set of deep cerebellar nuclei |
| cerebellar peduncles | "little feet" |
| cerebellum (actions) | receives visual, auditory, vestibular (balance), and somatosensory information; coordinates sensory information with motor information from the cerebral cortex |
| Pons (bridge) | contains portion of reticular formation; important for sleep and arousal. Also contains a large nucleus that relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum |
| medulla oblongata (oblong marrow) | controls vital functions such as regulation of heart rate, breathing, digestion, and muscle tone |
Created by:
Dalea
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