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history final review
| industrial revolution | period of time from 1750 to 1850 characterized by a huge increase of mass production |
| cottage industry | production of goods at home, mostly the spinning of cotton into cloth/textile |
| great britain | the birth place of the industrial revolution due to the available money and resources |
| steam engine | a mechanism that the invention of helped drive machinery critical to the industrial revolution; invented by james watt |
| cloth | first item to be industrialized |
| entrepreneur | someone who starts his or her own business |
| factory life | a lot of injuries, low wages, long hours |
| child labor laws | laws made during the industrial revolution that standardized the minimal working age as nine |
| karl marx | the writer of the communist manifesto |
| population growth | due to a lower infant mortality rate and a decline in disease and war |
| eastern europe | provided food and raw materials for industrialized countries |
| elements of the i.r. | steel, chemicals, petroleum, electricity |
| social changes | women started to become secretaries, education became more common (leading to an increase in literacy), and there was the beginning of a separation of the middle and working class |
| direct rule | style of ruling a colony in which people from the ruling country would go to the colonies to enforce rule and new traditions, as well as "civilize" the people there |
| indirect rule | style of ruling a colony in which the ruling country would allow the local people to keep their ways of life as long as trade quotas were met |
| "white man's burden" | a belief during the time of exploration/colonization in which the people of europe felt that it was their "responsibility" to "fix"/"civilize" the people they encountered in africa and asia |
| world war i | "the war to end all wars"; fought from 1914 to 1918 |
| central powers | alliance formed between germany, austria-hungary, and the ottoman empire during wwi |
| causes of wwi | militarism (aggressive war preparation), alliances, imperialism (competition for colonies), and nationalism |
| u.s. enters wwi | the u.s. entered wwi because of: 1) the sinking of the lusitania 2) declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare by germany |
| archduke of austria | assassinated by gavrilo princip (member of the black hand, a serbian terrorist group) |
| lusitania | a british passenger ship sunk by german u-boats that resulted in 1100 casualties and 128 american deaths |
| schlieffen plan | germany's plan to invade france through neutral belgium in wwi |
| total war | war that involves total mobilization of the people and resources of the fighting countries |
| war of attrition | trench warfare = stalemates constant attacks = heavy losses |
| nicholas ii | the last czar of russia that was killed during the russian revolution |
| russian withdrawal | withdrawal of a country from wwi due to the occurrence of a revolution |
| lenin | led the (communist) bolsheviks |
| proletariat | working class that was oppressed by the bourgeoisie |
| bourgeoisie | middle/upper class |
| genocide | the mass and systematic killing of a group of people, usually a minority |
| nazi-soviet pact | a non-aggression pact signed by nazi germany/hitler and the soviet union/stalin during wwii |
| hitler | leader of nazi germany that came into major power in 1933, promoted anti-semitism and organized the holocaust |
| blitzkrieg | "lightning war" used by german airfighters to surprise the enemy and make them easy to take over |
| rise of dictators | the rise of dictatorships after wwi in european countries due to the desperation of the people caused by weak/unstable/corrupt/ineffective governments and a poor economy |
| nazi philosophy | focus on racial "purity" (preservation of german blood) and superiority of the "aryan" race as well as antisemitism |
| holocaust | genocide that killed mainly jews but also other minorities planned and carried out by nazi germany and her allies during wwii |
| u.s. enters wwii | this country entered wwii due to a japanese bomb attack on an army base in hawaii |
| treaty of versailles violations | germany's breaking of rules set by the treaty of versailles that restricted its military due to lack of enforcement |
| cold war | 1947-1991; a war that was not fought physically but economically, politically, and through an arms race |
| berlin | capital of germany that became the meeting place of east and west germany |
| cold war countries | u.s., s.u., vietnam, korea |
| domino theory | theory that if one country fell to communist rule, the surrounding countries would follow |
| independent communist nations | yugoslavia and albania |
| perestroika | the rebuilding of russia |
| nationalism | promotion of/belief in one's country as the best/greatest |
| fascist | belief/political system that values the well-being, power, and succes of a country over the rights of its individuals |
| nuremberg laws | laws passed in nazi germany meant to restrict and alienize jews from the rest of society |
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