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World History
Final Exam Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations; Believed in capitalism / free enterprise |
| Galileo Galilei | scientist; discovered the Law of the Pendulum; found that a falling object accelerates at a fixed and predictable rate |
| Thomas Hobbies | philosopher ; Social contract – best government was one that had absolute power and could impose order and demand obedience |
| Nicholas Copernicus | scientist; heliocentric theory (earth and planets revolve around the sun) |
| Charles de Montesquieu | philosopher; separation of powers (legislative, judicial, executive); each branch of government should serve as a check on the other two (checks and balances) |
| William Blackstone | Commentaries; Members of the Constitutional Congress referred to his writings; Chief Justice John Marshall cited his ideas in Marbury vs. Madison (1803) |
| Robespierre | took power in France during the French Revolution; period of rule known as the Reign of Terror |
| Napoleon | took power in France at the end of the French Revolution; he created a French Empire (wanted to control all of Europe) |
| King Louis XIV of France | Absolute Monarch in France; his excessive spending caused France a great amount of debt and angered French citizens; agreed to a new constitution that limited the monarchy – but failed to work with the National Assembly. |
| Simon Bolivar | led military forces in Latin America that defeated Spain and served as a political leader. He resorted to a dictatorship to maintain order. |
| Jose de san San Martin | leader in the Latin America struggle for independence |
| Toussaint l Overture | leader in the Latin America struggle for independence |
| Louis Pasteur | developed the germ theory of disease; learned that heat killed bacteria (pasteurization) |
| James Watt | developed a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel; his worked allowed for the steam engine to power factory machinery |
| Karl Marx | believed the capitalist system (which produced the Industrial Revolution) would eventually destroy itself and a classless society (communism) would result; Communist Manifesto; communism |
| Winston Churchill | prime minister of Great Britain during World War II; led the British war effort against Hitler; worked closely with President Roosevelt |
| Adolf Hitler | totalitarian leader of Germany during World War II; belief in anti-Semitism became the basic ideology of the Nazi party in Germany; responsible for the Holocaust |
| Benito Mussolini | totalitarian leader of Italy during WW II; founded the Fascist Party in Italy |
| Hideki Tojo | totalitarian leader in Japan during WWII; part of the axis |
| Joseph Stalin | totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union during WWII; worked with Churchill (Great Britain) and Roosevelt (US) to defeat the Germans; however did not get along with Churchill and Roosevelt |
| Mao Zedong | leader of the communists during the Chinese civil war; became the communist leader in China; he eliminated the wealthy landowners in China; responsible for the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | leader of the Soviet Union; introduced reforms that moved the Soviet Union away from a command economy and lifted the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe |
| Mohandas Gandhi | leader who achieved Indian independence through non-violent, passive resistance to the British |
| Nelson Mandela | South Africa – imprisoned for speaking out against apartheid; became South Africa’s first black president. |
| Absolute Monarchy | ruler who holds all the power |
| Democratic | rule by the people, either directly or through elected representatives |
| Direct democracy | government in which the people rule directly |
| Limited democracy | the power of government is limited not absolute |
| theocracy | government controlled by religious leaders |
| Republic | form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people |
| Fascism | extreme form of nationalism; blind loyalty to the leader who uses violence and terror; censorship and government control of the news |
| Totalitarian | a form of government in which the leader has total control over every aspect of public and private life |
| Commercial Revolution | expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries; believed that controlling trade was a key to increasing a country’s wealth and power. |
| Joint-stock companies | Privately owned companies that sold stock to raise money (during the Commercial Revolution) |
| Mercantilism | economic policy in which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more products than they bought |
| First Estate | clergy of the Roman Catholic church (owned 10% of the land in France); paid very little taxes |
| Second Estate | rich nobles, much of whose wealth was in land, 2% of the population of France (owned 20% of the land); paid no taxes |
| Third Estate | 98% of the people in France; made up of three groups (bourgeoisie, workers, peasants) who differed greatly in their economic conditions; paid most of the taxes; representatives formed the National Assembly |
| Magna Carta | document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, it limited the power of the English Monarchs; rulers were responsible to the people they governed |
| English Civil War | conflict in which supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England’s monarchy; ended with limits put on the power of the English Monarchs |
| English Bill of Right | limited the power of the English monarchs; rulers were responsible to the people they governed |
| Petition of Right | Parliament claimed that the king should not introduce new taxes in any form without approval |
| Geocentric Theory | belief that the earth was located at the center of the universe |
| Enlightenment | 17th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason, natural laws and scientific method to all aspects of society |
| Invention of the steam engine | contributed most directly to the Industrial Revolution as it was used to power the factories |
| Effect of Napoleonic War | Spanish colonies began demanding independence in Latin America; spread of enlightenment ideas throughout Europe; the termination of any remaining feudalism in Europe. |
| Scientific Revolution | Renaissance beliefs led to technological inventions which led to the Scientific Revolution; led to the application of reason and experimentation to political thinking |
| American Revolution | overthrow of foreign power (British) |
| French Revolution | French overthrow of their own government (absolute monarchs) |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless overthrow of the English King James and his replacement by William and Mary |
| Industrial Revolution | the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine – led to a vast increase in the production of manufactured goods; led by the invention of the steam engine; |
| Factory System | during the Industrial Revolution – building of factories to house the large machines used to make goods quickly and efficiently |
| European Imperialism | motives, treatment of natives; motive - the need to develop new markets for European manufactured goods; usually treated the natives badly; European countries exploited colonial people while pretending to help them. |
| Sepoy Rebellion in India | 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India |
| Boxer Rebellion in China | 1900 Rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in China |
| World War 1- how different from earlier wars, causes, new technologies | how different from earlier wars causes - (MAIN causes of WWI) Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism; assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire new technologies – trench warfare, chemical warfare, airplanes, |
| Trench Warfare | a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield (WWI) |
| American genocide | 1890s – Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians who were demanding their freedom; during WWI the Turkish gov’t deported nearly 2 million Armenians – 600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers |
| Alliance system | one of the major causes of WWI because it escalated a local crisis (in the Balkans) into a war involving all of the great powers of Europe |
| Triple Alliance | WWI – a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Triple Entente | WWI – a military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia |
| Russian Revolution of 1917 | marked the end of the czars and beginning of communism in Russia. Peasants wanted land (“Peace, Bread, Land”) |
| Balkan state boundaries related to WWI | the changing and merging of countries after WWI as a result of post war treaties. |
| Militarism | policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war (MAIN) |
| Genocide- Holocaust and Rwanda | killing of a specific group of people – Holocaust and Rwanda Holocaust – during WW2 -Millions of European Jews, including children, were murdered by Hitler and the Nazis in Germany |
| Bombing of Hiroshima | WWII - US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, about 70,000 people were killed instantly in the attack from radiation |
| Pearl Harbor | WWII – US cut off sales of iron and oil with the Japanese; Dec. 7. 1941 – Japanese attacked US Naval base at Pearl Harbor, crippling the US Navy. As a result, US declared war on the Japanese |
| Nuremburg Trials | After WWII, Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes |
| Great Depression | After WWI (1929) severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the US stock market; affected all the major industrialized countries of the West |
| John Locke | philosopher; people are born free and equal with unalienable (natural) rights (life, liberty, property) |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | philosopher; individual freedom; believed that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society (direct democracy) |
| Limited monarchy | a monarchy in which the ruler’s power is limited by law (constitutional monarchy |
| Heliocentric model | sun- centered – earth and planets orbited around the sun (challenged geocentric theory) |
| Textile industry | where the Industrial Revolution began; invention of the new spinning and weaving machinery increased the number of workers in textile industry in Europe because the demand for goods increased as goods became cheaper to produce |
| WWII | 1942-1945; Axis (Germany, Japan, Italy) vs Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, and later in the war – US) Cause – unresolved issues of WWI |
| Rwanda | After the Hutus came to power in Rwanda, the Hutus organized the murder of about 1 million Tutsis |
| Glasnost | Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization – initially formed to defend Western Europe from Soviet aggression |
| Perestroika | restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-making, begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 |
| The Cuban Missile Crisis | during the Cold War Soviet Union– built missile sites in Cuba; US declared that the missiles so close to the US were a threat and demanded the Soviet Union remove them. US troops were assembled in Florida, ready to invade Cuba. |
| Taliban | Islamic fundamentalist group formerly in power in Afghanistan |
| Osama bin Laden | leader of al-Qaeda and Taliban |
| War on Terror | US vs. Taliban and al-Qaeda |
| Globalization | effects - promotes the exchange of goods and services between nations |
| New technology | such as fax machines, teleconferences, and “smart phones” have led to a more interdependent (connected) global society |
| Outsourcing | a result of free trade agreements between the U.S. and developing countries |
| GPS | has made navigation easier |
| Human Rights | freedoms/ liberties; freedom of speech, media, religion; rights of the accused; fair and unbiased trials; freedom to protest; freedom to choose the type of government. Still happening in China |
Created by:
spotsville2
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