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Cardio 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hb's O2 binding affinity is inversely related to both acidity and to the conc. of CO2 | Bohr's effect |
| Bohr's effect: Increase in CO2? | Decrease pH, Hb releases O2 |
| Bohr's effect: Decrease in CO2? | Increase pH, Hb pick up more O2 |
| Exchange of HCO3- & Cl- to maintain osmotic balance | Cl-/Hamburg shift |
| Haldane effect | Binding of O2 to Hb promotes release of CO2 enhancing CO2 elimination |
| Starling's law | Ability to change its force of contraction |
| Bainbridge reflex | Increase heart rate following RA stretch |
| What is EF? | Measurement of % of blood leaving heart from both sides |
| Stroke volume | Vol. of blood pumped from LV |
| After load | Pressure in wall of LV during ejection |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Pressure on the walls of arteries in body between heart beats |
| Systolic blood pressure | Max. arterial pressure during contraction of LV |
| When is systolic blood pressure measured? | After aortic valve closes |
| What causes the lubb dubb sound? | Lubb is caused by AV valves closing, Dubb is caused by Aortic and pulmonary valve closing |
| What happens during exercise? | Accumulation of adenosine = control of increased muscle blood supply Increased CO in anticipation = activation of brainstem control centres via cortical outflow Carotid baroreceptors = prevent excessive rise of BP |
| Describe the Calcium Induced Calcium Release | T- tubules bring L type Ca channels close to ryanodine receptors. Ryanodine receptors change their conformation and release more Ca. Ca returns to SR via SERCA calcium channels after contraction |
| What removes Ca from cardiac myocytes? | Na/Ca exchanger |
| Why is AVN slower than SAN? | Less HCN channels SAN easier to excite due to higher resting TMP |
| Fossa ovalis is found on..? | Interatrial septum |
| SAN and AVN innervated by? | Cardiac plexus |
| Name the two branches of the umbillical vein and where they go | Ductus venosus --> IVC Sinusoids --> Hepatic veins --> IVC |
| Where does the heart arise from? | Splanchnic mesoderm |
| What does hyperkaelemia do? | Decrease myocardial excitability by making resting TMP more -ve |
| What does hypokaelemia do? | Increase myocardial excitability |
| Where is the pulmonary trunk located? | T5-6, opposite left sternum divides |
| Wheres the auscultation point for the aortic valve? | 2nd right intercostal |
| Where is the apex/mitral valve auscultation point? | 5th left mid-clavicular |
| Where is the pulmonary valve auscultatation point? | 2nd left intercostal |
| Where is the tricuspid valve auscultation point? | 4th left mid-clavicular |
Created by:
lijingsaw
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