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AP Human Geography
Chapter 10,11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Development | the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| developed country | a very highly developed country that has progressed further along the development continuum |
| developing country | an LDC or less developed country that has made some progress toward development through less than developed countries. |
| HDI - Human Development Index | Highest possible is 1.0, based on 3 factors; A decent standard of living, A long and healthy life, and access to knowledge |
| GNI - Gross National Income | The value of output of goods and services produced in a country in a year including money that enters and leaves the country. |
| PPP - Purchasing power parity | an adjustment to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods |
| Primary Sector | Activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry |
| Secondary Sector | Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods |
| Tertiary Sector | involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government |
| Productivity | the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
| Value Added | the gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy |
| GDP - Gross Domestic Product | the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year does not account for money that enters and leaves the country |
| pupil/teacher ratio | the number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers. |
| Literacy rate | the percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
| IHDI - Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index | Modifies the HDI to account for inequality in a country. Under perfect equality the HDI and IHDI are the same |
| GDI - Gender-related Development Index | measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the HDI. The GDI is 1.0 if males and females have the same HDI score |
| GII - Gender Inequality Index | measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions (reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. |
| Female labor force participation rate | the percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home |
| maternal mortality rate | the number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births |
| adolescent fertility rate | the number of births per 1000 women ages 15 to 19 |
| FDI - foreign direct investment | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
| Structural adjustment program | contains economic reforms or adjustments such as economic goals, strategies for achieving the objectives, and external financing requirements. |
| microfinance | A provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks |
| Fair Trade | international trade that provides greater equality to workers, small businesses, and consumers. |
| cooperative store | a member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community |
| Cottage Industry | Home-based manufacturing |
| animate power | power supplied by animals or by people themselves |
| biomass fuel | wood, plant material, or animal waste that is burned directly or converted to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas. |
| fossil fuel | an energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. |
| bulk-reducing industry | an industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products |
| bulk-gaining industry | makes something that gains volume or weight during production |
| break-of-bulk point | a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible |
| just-in-time delivery | is shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are actually needed |
| labor-intensive industry | an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses. |
| proven reserve | The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered |
| potential reserve | The supply in deposits that are undiscovered but though to exist is a potential reserve |
| fisiion | A nuclear power plant produces electricity from energy re-leased by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment, a process called fission. |
| fusion | The process of fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium |
| Nonrenewable energy | resources form so slowly that for practical purposes, they cannot be renewed. |
| Renewable Energy | resources have an essentially unlimited supply and are not depleted when used by people. |
| geothermal energy | energy from hot water or steam |
| Passive solar energy systems | capture energy without using special devices. |
| Active Solar energy systems | collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or to electricity |
| Pollution | more waste is added than air, water, and land resources can handle. |
| Air pollution | is a concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air. |
| greenhouse effect | THe increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface, is called the greenhouse effect. |
| ozone | a gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere |
| Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs | Earth protective layer is threatened by pollutants under this name |
| Acid deposition | the accumulation of acids on earth's surface |
| Acid precipitation | the conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides too acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog. |
| photo chemical smog | Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight form this |
| biochemical oxygen demand BOD | the amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given amount of organic waste. |
| Point source pollution | enters a body of water at a specific location |
| Nonpoint source pollution | comes from a large diffuse area |
| sanitary landfill | the most common place for disposal of solid waste in the United States |
| new international division of labor | The selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries |
| outsourcing | turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers |
| vertical integration | a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process. |
| maquiladoras | plants in mexico near the U.S. border (motor vehicles) |
| right-to-work law | requires a factory to maintain a open shop and prohibits a closed shop |
| Fordist production | where factories assign each worker one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| post-Fordist production | People work in teams and told to figure things out for themselves, A problem is addressed with a consensus. Facotry workers are treated alike and higher ups dont get special treatment. THey have |
| Recycling | the separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material. |
| Remanufacturing | the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts |
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