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Ch.15- Renaissance
Question | Answer |
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Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome |
humanism | an intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievements |
secular | having to do with worldly, as opposed to religious, matters |
Baldassare Castiglione | Italian diplomat and writer; he wrote The Courtier, one of the most important books of the Renaissance, in which he delineates the rules and correct behaviors for a courtier to adopt in order to win favor from a ruler. |
Niccolò Machiavelli | Italian political philosopher and statesman; he wrote The Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics. He insisted that a ruler do whatever is necessary to succeed and that the ends would justify the means. |
Lorenzo de Medici | Florentine ruler; he supported some of the most talented Renaissance artists. He was known for his patronage and liberal mind. |
Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist; his interests and talents spanned numerous disciplines. He painted the Mona Lisa. |
Michelangelo Buonarroti | Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. |
Raphael | Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. |
Johannes Gutenberg | German inventor and printer; he invented movable type. His first printed publication was a 1,282-page Bible. |
Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch priest and humanist; he wrote on the need for a pure an simple Christian life. To his regret, his writings fanned the flames of discontent with the Roman Catholic Church. |
Sir Thomas More | English statesman and author; he wrote Utopia, which describes an ideal society. |
William Shakespeare | English dramatist and poet; he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of all time and wrote such works as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. |
Christine de Pisan | French poet and author; her work The City of Women discusses the role of women in society. She championed the causes of equality and education for women. |
Albrecht Dürer | German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his painting. |
Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter; his paintings focused on landscapes and domestic life and fused the everyday with the religious. |
Protestant Reformation | a religious movement in the 1500's that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches |
indulgences | pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul's time in purgatory; from the 1100's to the 1500's, indulgences could be purchased, which led to corruption |
Martin Luther | German monk whose protests against the Roman Catholic Church in 1517 (the Ninety-Five Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation. |
theocracy | a government ruled by religious leaders who claim God's authority |
John Calvin | French Protestant theologian of the Reformation; he founded Calvinism, which was associated with the doctrine of predestination. |
predestination | the belief that at the beginning of time God decided who would gain salvation |
Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. |
annulled | declared invalid based on church laws |
Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England. |
Counter-Reformation | the Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500's to the early 1600's |
Jesuits | members of a Catholic religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 |
Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. |
Council of Trent | a meeting of church leaders in the 1500's whose purpose was to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Catholic Reformation |
Charles Borromeo | Archbishop of Milan from 1560 to 1584; he took steps to implement the reforms ordered by the Council of Trent. |
Francis of Sales | French Roman Catholic leader and preacher; he worked to win back the district of Savoy, in France, from Calvinism. |
Teresa of Avila | Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period. |