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Chapter 14
The High Middle Ages
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Crusades | (1096 - 1204) a series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers |
Holy Land | region that included Jerusalem and the area around it, considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims |
Pope Urban || | (c. 1042 - 1099) Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the first Crusade |
Saladin | (1138 - 1193) Muslim sultan and hero; he campaigned to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. He stopped an army of Crusaders under Richard the Lion-Hearted of England. |
Richard the Lion-Hearted | (1157 - 1199) King of England from 1189 to 1199; he fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the third Crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England |
Hanseatic League | an organization of north-German cities and towns that organized and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from 1200s through 1400s |
credit | an arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time |
guilds | associations of people who worked at the same craft or trade during the Middle Ages |
apprentice | a person who learns a skill under a master of the trade |
journeyman | a skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild |
Gothic | a style of church architecture developed during the 1100s characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses |
flying buttress | an arched stone support on the outside of buildings which allows builders to construct higher walls |
illumination | the process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs |
Hildegard of Bingen | (1098 - 1179) Medieval nun and author; she wrote dozens of poems and music to accompany them |
troubadours | traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages |
Geoffrey Chaucer | (c.1340 - 1400) English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled at the Tabard Inn in Southwark |
Dante Alighieri | (1264 - 1321) Italian poet and humanist; he was the author of The Divine Comedy, one of the greatest literary classics |
Thomas Aquinas | (1225 - 1274) Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman catholic belief |
Scholasticism | in the middle ages, the theological and philosophical school of thought that attempted to reconcile faith and reason |
heresy | an opinion that goes against the teachings of a church |
Inquisitions | institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s |
friars | members of certain Roman Catholic religious orders; first prominent in the Europe of the late Middle Ages; unlike monks, frairs preached in towns |
Hundred Year's War | (1337 - 1453) war fought between France and England for control of the French throne |
Joan of Arc | (c.1412 - 1431) French soldier and national heroine; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years War and was burned at the stake for heresy. |
Wars of the Roses | (1455 - 1485) civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Landcaster (red rose) familes |
Henry VII | (1457 - 1509 King of England; he was the first king from the house of Tudor; his defeat of Richard III and his assumption of the throne marked the end of the Wars of Roses and the beginning of a new era in Englands history |
Black Death | a terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe beginning in 1347 |