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The High Middle Ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crusades | a series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers |
| Holy Land | region that includes Jerusalem and the area around it, considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims |
| Pope Urban II | Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade |
| Saladin Richard the Lion-Hearted | King of England from 1189 to 1199; he fought in his Holy Land against Saladin during the third crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England. |
| Hanseatic League | an organization of north-German cities and towns that organization and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from the 1200s through the 1400s |
| credit | an arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time |
| guilds | associations of people who worked at the same craft or trade during the Middle Ages |
| apprentice | a person who learns a skill under a master of trade |
| journeyman | a skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild |
| Gothic | a style of church architecture developed during the 1100s characterized by all spires and flying buttresses |
| flying buttress | an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls |
| illumination | the process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs |
| Hildegard of Bingen | Medieval nun and author; she wrote dozens of poems and music to accompany them |
| troubadours | traveling singers who entertain people during the middle ages |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled |
| Dante Alighieri | Italian poet and humanist; he was the author of The Divine Comedy, one of the greatest literary classics |
| Thomas Aquinas | Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman Catholic belief |
| Scholasticism | in the Middle Ages, the theological and philosophical school of thought that attempted to reconcile faith and reason |
| heresy | an opinion that goes against the teachings of a church |
| Inquisitions | institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain int he later 1400s and 1500s |
| friars | members of certain Roman Catholic religious orders; first prominent in the Europe of the late Middle Ages; unlike monks, friars preached in towns |
| Hundred Years' War | war fought between France and England for control of the French throne |
| Joan of Arc | French soldier and national heroine; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years' War and was burned at the stake for heresy |
| Wars of the Roses | civil war fro the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families |
| Henry VII | King of England; he was the first king from the house of Tudor; his defeat of Richard III and his assumption of the throne marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of a new era in England's history |
| Black Death | a terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe, beginning in 1347 |
Created by:
Lisyanacrawford
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