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A&P for Mx

NCETMB Review

QuestionAnswer
Anatomy The study of structure
Physiology The study of function
Homeostasis Relative constancy of the internal environment
Midline Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Medial Toward the midline
Lateral Away from the midline
Proximal Closest to the point of origin or the trunk
Distal Furthest from the point of origin or the trunk
Anterior Front of the body in anatomical position
Posterior Back of the body in anatomical position
Ventral Front of the body in anatomical position
Dorsal Back of the body in anatomical position
Superior Toward the head
Inferior Toward the feet
Superficial Near the surface
Deep Farther from the surface
Contralateral Opposite sides
Ipsilateral Same side
Antebrachium Forearm
Antecubital Depression on the anterior side of the elbow
Axillary Armpit
Brachium Arm
Buccal Cheek
Carpal Wrist
Cephalic Head
Cervical Neck
Crural Anterior leg
Cubital Elbow
Cutaneuos Skin
Digital Fingers and toes
Femoral Thigh
Inguinal Groin
Olecranon Elbow
Opthalamic Eye
Palmar Palm of the hand
Pedal Foot
Plantar Sole of the foot
Popliteal Posterior knee
Phalangeal Fingers and toes
Sural Posterior leg
Tarsal Ankle
Oral Mouth
Orbital Around the eye
Thoracic Chest
Pulmonary Lungs
Cardiac Heart
Hepatic Liver
Renal Kidney
Midsagittal Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Sagittal Divides the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Horizontal Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Structural levels of organization Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system
Cell The smallest living structural unit
Ventral Cavity Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
Dorsal Cavity Cranial, Spinal, CNS
Thoracic Cavity Right and left pleura, Mediastinum
Right and left pleura Right and left lungs
Mediastinum Heart, trachea, vena cava, esophagus
Abdominal Cavity Right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
Right Hypocondriac Liver
Epigastric Liver, stomach
Left Hypocondriac Pancreas, spleen
Right Lumbar Ascending colon
Umbilical Transverse colon
Left Lumbar Descending colon
Right Inguinal Cecum, vermiform appendix
Hypogastric Bladder
Left Inguinal Sigmoid colon
Pelvic Cavity Bladder and some reproductive organs
Diaphragm - location Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm - function One of the three major body pumps, moving both air and fluid
Cranial Cavity Brain
Spinal Cavity Spinal cord
Supine Face up
Prone Face down (on stomach)
Lateral Recumbent Side lying
Cell Structure Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
Plasma membrane Selectively permeable, double layer phospholipid membrane
Cytoplasm Specialized living material in cell membrane mostly made up of the organelles
Organelles Mitocondria, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cilia and flagellum
Mitocondria Powerhouse, synthesizes ATP
Lysosome Digestion, sometimes selfdestruct
Golgi Apparatus Packaging center
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Nucleus Brain, stores DNA
Cilia Hairlike extensions on the surface of the cell that promote one way movement of substances across the membrane
Flagellum Taillike projection of a sperm cell that helps propulsion
Cell Reproduction Meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis Division of sex cells from one parent cell into four daughter cells
Mitosis Division of somatic cells in a 5 step process from one parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Mitosis - 5 steps Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Interphase The resting stage where no active division occurs
Prophase Stage 1 of reproduction
Metaphase Stage 2
Anaphase Stage 3, clevage furrow appears
Telophase Stage 4, completion of division
Passive Transport The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient
Passive Transport - Types Diffusion and filtration
Active Transport The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up the concentration gradient (requires energy)
Active Transport - Types Ion Pump
Diffusion Substances scatter evenly throughout an available space; ie osmosis
Filtration Substances move through the membrane because of hydrostatic pressure
Ion Pump Carrier proteins move substances into or out of the membrane. Pinocytosis (liquids), phagocytosis (solids)
Tissue - 4 main types Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
Connective Tissue Most abundant; areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, blood, cartilage
Areolar Sticky matrix that helps hold organs together
Adipose Fat tissue that stores lipids
Fibrous Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
Bone Calcified matrix made up of osteocytes
Blood Liquid matrix made up of plasma (liquid) and formed elements (solid) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Cartilage Gristle-like matrix made up of chondrocytes; Hyalin and fibrocartilage
Hyalin Provides flexibility and support
Fibrocartilage More rigid, greater stability than hyalin
Thixotrophy The property of certain gels (ie connective tissue) to become less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity on standing
Epithelial Tissue Covers the body, lines body cavities, surrounds the organs and other structures
Epithelial Tissue - membranes Forms cutaneous, serous, and mucous membranes
Cutaneous Membrane Skin, largest organ of th body
Serous Membrane Lines closed cavities
Mucous membrane Lines surfaces that open to the exterior like in the respriatory, digestive, and urinary tracts
Epithelial Cell Classification By shape and arrangement
Epithelial Shapes Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
Squamous Flat, thin
Cuboidal Cube shaped
Columnar Taller than wide
Transitional Different shapes that can stretch
Epithelial Arrangements Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
Simple Single layer
Stratified Many layered
Pseudostratified A single layer packed so closely together that it appears to be more than one layer
Simple Squamous A single layer of very thin irregularly shaped cells. Exchanges. ie capillaries
Stratified Squamous Several layers of closely packed cells. Protects. ie epidermis
Stratified Transitional Found in areas that stretch, like the bladder, stomach, and especially the uterus
Muscle Tissue Striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal Tissue Striated and voluntary
Cardiac Tissue Striated and involuntary
Smooth Tissue Non-striated and involuntary.
Skeletal Tissue Regulation By the somatic division of the PNS
Cardiac Tissue Regulation By the autonomic division of the PNS
Smooth Tissue Regulation By the autonomic division of the PNS
Nervous Tissue Made up of neurons and neuroglia, providing rapid communication and control of the body
Neurons Primary nerve cells
Neuroglia Support and protective cells for the neurons
Integumentary System Skin, hair and nails. Functions: temperature regulation, protection, synthesis of vitamin D
Created by: selfstudy08
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