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European New Ideas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Liberalism | Political / economic ideology stemming from the Enlightenment. Came from American and French Revolutions. Consisted of civil rights, tolerance, social / political change, gov action, and laissez faire |
| Improve individuals' welfares | Goal of liberalism |
| The Gospel of Free Enterprise | Book by Adam Smith about laissez faire - letting the market do what's best fit to produce demand |
| Manchester liberalism | Extreme laissez faire where there is an excuse to exploit the weak. Describes that poor have excessive births, moral faults, etc. |
| Whigs | Liberals who disliked social protection of the poor |
| Nationalism | Patriotism, loyalty, devotion. A desire of independence. At first, it was positive, later there was cultural superiority, ethnocentrism, and us vs them like in the Balkans |
| Congress of Vienna / Vienna Settlement of 1815 | This returned Europe to a conservative environment. Called Age of Metternich because wanted to return to how they were. |
| Conservatism | Political / economic ideology to keep traditional values, ideas, and oppose change |
| Moderate conservatism | Branch of conservatism to keep official religion and constitution, but not have a pure democracy. Gov controls economy. The majority of Europeans. |
| Reaction Conservatism | Branch of conservatism to keep official religion, no constitution, and class distinctions (problem with diversity). Included Russia, Austria, and Prussia |
| Gendarme of Europe | Russia's nickname because of their readiness to stop liberalism and revolutionaries |
| Started by middle-class liberals, workers join, revolts turn violent. national division. | Causes of 1848 revolts |
| Different ideologies in the working class | Reason for 1848 revolts failure |
| July Monarchy | Liberal constitutional monarchy by Louis Philippe that gave citizen rights (but was still better-off for wealthy citizens) |
| Reform Act of 1832 | Voting rights passed by liberal British Parliament (Whigs) over Conservative Party (Tories) protests |
| Nation State | Ethnic group that exercises control over a territory. New concepts - parties, schooling, unions |
| Risorgimento | Term for Italian unifiaction |
| Count Camillo Cavour | Realpolitik Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. His greatest opposition against unifying Italy was Austria and the Pope Louis IX. |
| Cavour allies with France to defeat Austria, then take Northern peninsula | Stage 1 of Italian unification |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts army unite Southern peninsula | Stage 2 of Italian unification |
| Obtain Venetia and Papal states and unify in 1870. Victor Emanuel II (King of Sardinia-Piedmont) becomes Italian King | Stage 3 of Italian unification |
| Otto von Bismark | Realpolitik father of German unification and Chancellor of Prussia. Creates first socialist programs so his people don't resort to socialism |
| Holstein war (Danish war) | Event where Denmark annexed land with German people, so Austria and Prussia defeated them to take it over |
| Austrian Prussian war (7 week war) | After Austria and Prussia take Holstein back, Austrians abuse of German people, which leads Prussia to fight back and win the Confederation of Northern German States |
| Franco Prussian war | Election of Leopold (related to Prussian throne) as Spanish king sparked this event. Prussia wins and unites Southern German States and Alsace-Lorraine |
| Alsace-Lorraine | Territory that Prussia gained from France after their war |
| King "Kaiser" William I | New leader of Germany after unification inf 1871. This unified Germany was too large and nationalistic, creating a problem with the Vienna settlement. |
| William II | Leader of Germany in 1890 after father's death. He wanted expansion (not conservative), so Bismarck resigns |
| July Monarchy | Nickname for Bourbon (Napoleonic) return to French throne when the gap between the rich and poor widened |
| Second French Republic | Supported French government by Louis Napoleon |
| Second French Empire | French government involved in Italian and German wars of unification |
| Third French Republic | Longest lasting (1871-1945) French government that wanted revanchism, their old lan back |
| Paris Commune | Small, socialist, short lasting French government in Paris |
| Were weak (had serfs), war, liberal leader, autocratic, dealt with liberal / nationalist problems | Russia's issues during 18th and 19th centuries |
| Crimean War | Russian event that showed Russian weakness in the European scene |
| Czar Alexander II | Liberal Russian leader that installed Great Reforms to "abolish" serfdom, and son kept Russia as autocratic |
| Franz Joseph I | Austrian and autocrat leader after Revolts of 1848. Had many ethnic divisions, so issues |
| Ausgleich | Name for dual Empire of Austria-Hungary. This did not solve their problems. |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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