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Final Exam - History
History of the Ancient World Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Greek philosopher who focused on the greater meaning | Plato |
| Greek philosopher who focused on the particulars | Aristotle |
| Rome vs. Carthage 264-146 b.c. | The Punic Wars |
| 264-241 b.c., fought over Sicily, ended in stalemate | The 1st Punic War |
| born 247 b.c., Carthaginian commander | Hannibal Barca |
| (Hannibalic War) 218 b.c., Romans win | The 2nd Punic War |
| born 236 b.c., Roman general | Scipio Africanus |
| battle that takes place in 202 b.c. during the 2nd Punic War, Africanus vs. Hannibal, Romans win | Battle of Zama |
| 149 b.c., Scipio Aemilinaus destroys Carthage under the command of Cato | The 3rd Punic War |
| founder of Islam, 570-632 a.d. | Muhammad |
| Muhammad's "fleeing" from Mecca in 622 a.d. | the hijira |
| literal meaning of "Islam" | submit |
| literal meaning of "Jihad" | struggle |
| Shahada (pillar) | devotion to Allah |
| Sallat (pillar) | prayer (facing Mecca), the Gibla |
| Zakat (pillar) | give to the poor |
| Ramadahan (pillar) | holy month-fasting |
| Hajj (pillar) | pilgrimage |
| the Islamic holy text | the Koran |
| chapters of the Koran, 114 | suras |
| divine law in Islam | the Sharia law |
| Islamic holy text not in the Koran, but approved by Muhammad | the Hidith |
| Indian empire founded in 320 a.d. that lasted until 480 a.d. | the Gupta Empire |
| Chinese Dynasty 618-907 a.d. | The Tang Dynasty |
| Tang Emperor 627-649 a.d. who reformed China militarily | Taizong |
| capital of Tang Empire | Chang'an |
| unifier of the Mongol tribes in China, 1206-1227 a.d. | Genghis Kahn |
| grandson of Genghis Kahn, consecrator of Mongol rule in China, reigned 1264-1294 a.d. | Khubilai Kahn |
| flags used by the Mongols during battle to communicate | Semafors |
| famous Indian poet | Kalidasa |
| author of the Rubaiyat, Indian philosopher/mathematician | Omar Khayyam |
| visited the Mongol Empire in 1271 and was thoroughly impressed | Marco Polo |
| French philosopher and religious cynic who believed in a creator, made an analogy to a watch and a watch maker | Voltaire |
| the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern day Iraq, the land of firsts | Mesopotamia |
| unifier of Mesopotamia in the 18th century b.c., author of the first system of laws | Hammurabi |
| Mesopotamian mythological figure who searched for eternal life | Gilgamesh |
| Greek who lived in the 5th century b.c., author of The Histories | Herodotus |
| Greek who lived in the 5th century b.c., author of The Peloponnesian War | Thucydides |
| study of and belief in the end times | eschatology |
| belief that there will one day be justice, provided by God | theodicy |
| Indian religion, extreme spiritual environmentalism | Jainism |
| Indian religion, elimination of selfishness in pursuit of reaching the highest spiritual state (Nirvana) | Buddhism |
| this religion was completely driven out of India by the 12th century by Muslim jihadist | Buddhism |
| religious text of Hinduism | Bhagavad-Gita |
| Chinese religion, focused on the unchanging link throughout the universe, harmony, to yield is strength | Taoism |
| Chinese religion, emphasis on one's loyalty/obligation to the state, morality | Legalism |
| Chinese religion, emphasis on the state's obligation to the people, morality | Confucianism |
| war between the Persians and Greeks from 500-479 b.c. | The Persian Wars |
| constant shifting of alliances | the spirit of faction |
| founder of Persian empire, emperor from 559-530 b.c. (1/3) | Cyrus |
| gracious Persian emperor 521-486 b.c. (2/3) | Darius |
| battle at which Athenians revolted against the Persians and won, 490 b.c. | Battle of Marathon |
| Athenian commander during the Battle of Marathon | Miltiades |
| final Persian emperor 519-465 b.c. (3/3), battle with Greeks at Pylae | Xerxes |
| Spartan king who revolted against Persian at Pylae and won with only 300 men (the movie 300) | King Leonidas |
| league formed as a result of Greek city-states meeting on the island of Delious | Delian League |
| a Greek city-state | polis |
| a series of wars between Greek city-states (Athens and Sparta) during the 5th century b.c. | The Peloponnesian Wars |
| battle in 405 b.c. where Spartans (with naval assistance from the Persians) defeated the Athenians | Battle of Aegospotami |
| Greek equivalent to Churchill, warned the Athenians about becoming too powerful in 341 b.c. | Demosthenes |
| Macedonian king, 359 b.c. established Macedonian empire, modernized warfare with war machines (battle of Chaeronea 338 b.c.) | King Philip II |
| Macedonian king, 356-323 b.c., son of King Philip II, studied under Aristotle | Alexander the Great |
| members (2) of the Roman republic that is equivalent today to the president, absolute authority of the military | consuls |
| part of the Roman republic that handled the fiscal aspect of the government | the senate |
| two brothers who ruled Rome after the Roman republic (153-133 b.c.) | the Brother Gracchai |
| ruled Rome from 157-186 b.c., reconstructed the army which according to Sallust was extremely loyal to this leader | General Marius |
| power hungry leader of Rome who seized power in 83 b.c. after dismissing the senate | General Sulla |
| nephew of Gaius Marius, established a centralized imperial government in Rome, 100-44 b.c. | Julius Caesar |
| nephew of Julius Caesar, who defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in 31 b.c. | Octavian/Augustus Caesar |
| slave who led an uprising in Rome from 73-71 b.c. | Spartacus |
| Roman historian, 83-36 b.c., friend of Julius Caesar | Sallust |
| Roman historian 106-43 b.c., murdered for his beliefs | Cicero |
| this caused the decline of the Roman Empire | moral decay |
| means games that honor the gods | ludi |
| mean "people of the animal" | bestiarii |
| British queen who led a rebellion against the Romans in 61 a.d. in what is today London | Queen Boudicca |
| Roman governor 62-113 a.d. wrote about the persecution of the Christians | Pliny the Younger |
| he is responsible for the conversion of the Romans, he was a Roman | Paul |
| Roman emperor who died in 305 a.d., caused chaos in the empire by dividing it into four sections | Diocletian |
| battle in 312 a.d. at which this Roman emperor converted to Christianity | Battle of Turin, Constantine |
| edict issued in 312 a.d. which allowed freedom to practice any religion in the Roman empire | the Edict of Milan |
| the new capital of Rome, 340 a.d. | Constantinople |
| the only non-Hebrew author in the Bible, also wrote the book of Acts | Luke |
| compilation of Jesus' teachings recounted in the gospel of Matthew | the Sermon on the Mount |
| the self-proclaimed messenger of Jesus' legitimacy | John the Baptist |
| where Jesus was arrested | the Garden of Gethsemane |
| instructions given by Jesus to his disciples at the end of the book of Matthew | the Great Commission |
| their mission was to convert the Gentiles, they were buried in Rome | Peter and Paul |
| German king responsible for defeating the Roman empire in 410 a.d. | Alaric |
| bishop who believed that men were innately evil, author of The Confessions and The City of God, 345-430 a.d. | Augustine |
| meeting at which Arian Christianity was ruled as heretical, defining of Roman Christianity and the Trinity, 325 a.d. | the Council of Nicea |
| made Christianity the official religion of Rome in 380 a.d. | Theodosius |
| Roman soldier responsible for the conversion of the people of Gaul, 316-397 a.d. | St. Martin of Tours |
| captured and enslaved by the Irish only to later convert them to Christianity, 385-461 a.d. | St. Patrick |
| sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the barbaric people of England in 597 a.d., established the English church, took his name from the late bishop of Hippo | St. Augustine |
| number of disciples who followed Jesus | 12 |
| the four elements of the Church | prayer, fellowship, the teachings of the apostles, communion |
| he said "prune it and it grows again," "pray and work," founder of a specific type of monastery | Benedict |
| she taught at an abbey, came up with the philosophy of pledging one's allegiance to one abbey | Hilda |
| attempt at reconstructing the Achaemenid empire of classical Persia, 226-641 a.d. | Sasanid Empire |
| empire constructed in the eastern half of the fallen Roman empire in the 5th century a.d. | the Byzantine Empire |
| Byzantine emperor 527-565 a.d. who ordered that a compilation of all Roman law be made | Justinian |
| Corpus juris civilis - Body of the Civil Law | the Justinian Code |
| war tactic used to keep Constantinople safe from Islamic threats during the 7th and 8th centuries a.d. | Greek fire |
| Arab-Muslim general in the early 7th century a.d. | Walid |
| Byzantine emperor who defeated Muslim armies outside of Constantinople by using Greek fire in 718 a.d. | Leo III |
| Frankish commander who defeated Muslim armies at Tours in 732 a.d. | Charles Martel |
| place of battle at which the first Christian became king of the Franks 496 a.d. | Tolbiac |
| replaced the Merovingian "do nothing" line of kings | Carolingians |
| son of Charles Martel who became the first Carolingian king of the Franks in 751 a.d. | Pippin III |
| king of the Franks 768-814 a.d., grandson of Charles Martel | Charlemagne |
| principle where loyalty is the product of rewarding one's troops/armies | feudalism |
| a fortification along the border or frontier of a kingdom | burg |
| place of learning established by Charlemagne | Whitby Abbey |
| location of Whitby Abbey | Aachen |
| appointed as the head of Whitby Abbey by Charlemagne | Alcuin |
| gift from the caliph of Pakistan given to Charlemagne in 802 a.d. | elephant |
| poet who lived in Whitby Abbey 658-680 a.d. | Caedmon |
| the historian who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 672-735 a.d., the reason we today know as much of the ancient world as we do | the Venerable Bede |
| a great accomplishment of the middle ages, the doing away of this practice (which is practiced today) | slavery |
| attempt by the Church to do away with the killing of innocent Christians living in zones of war in 990 a.d. | the peace of God |
| attempt by the Church in 1090 a.d. to eliminate fighting on Sundays and other holy days | the truce of God |
| attempt by the Church (Vatican) in 1139 to limit the used of weapons, mainly the use of the crossbow against Christians | the Vatican Edict of 1139 |
| launched a series of crusades in 1025 to try to reclaim the holy lands after the Council of Clermont | Pope Urban II |
| the document on which the Bill of Rights is based, ensures freedoms to the people and balance in the government | Magna Carta |
| the Norse people who raided much of Europe in the 9th century a.d., attempted to wipe out Christianity | the Vikings |
| the reason for an influx in agricultural production in the middle ages | the wheelless plow |
| 1225-1247, taught at the University of Paris, incorporated Aristotle's philosophies with Christian beliefs | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| 1182-1226, followed Jesus' teachings closer than anyone, wrote about money corrupting the Church | St. Francis |
| this was published in 1492 and widely circulated because of the printing press | Nuremberg Chronicle |
| admiral of the ocean sea | Christopher Columbus |
| translated the Bible into English | John Wycliffe |
| war between the English and the French, 14th and 15th century | The Hundred Years War |
| translated the Bible from Hebrew, made pocket Bibles | William Tyndale |
| author of the Divine Comedy, first to use "artistic license" | Dante |
| Japanese for 'divine wind' | kamikaze |
| on September 8th 1492 he set sail into the unknown with a crew made up of people from jail | Columbus |
| the end of the 15th century marks the beginning of this time period | the Renaissance |
| a trustworthy captain on Columbus' first voyage who warned him about the crew's possible revolt | Martín Pizón |
| king and queen who supported Columbus | Isabelle and Ferdinand of Spain |
| decree on 1492 that Jews were no longer allowed to live in Spain unless they converted | Edict of Expulsion |
| word meaning a convert from Judaism to Christianity | converso |
| translator/member of Columbus' crew who he let step on the ground first when they landed in the new world | Louis de Torres |
| 1447-1566, he wrote the Apologetic History of the Indies, dedicated his life to the salvation of the Native Americans | Bartolomé de las Casas |
| Spaniard who conquered the Aztecan people of Mexico in 1521 | Cortés |
| Spanish king who lived from 1500-1558 but abdicated his throne of Holy Roman Emperor in 1556 for fear of what would become of his soul | King Charles V |
| the two countries between which the Hundred Years War was fought during the 14th and 15th centuries | England and France |
| True/False: there was no/sparse trade during the era of the Hundred Years War | false - the low countries of Europe at this time (today Belgium and Holland) were exceedingly fertile, prosperous, and wealthy lands. caused conflict between the French and English, contributor to the Hundred Years War |
| she is responsible for the outcome of the Hundred Years War and the crowning of King Charles VII | Joan of Arc |
| the place where King Charles VII was crowned and Clovis was baptized | Reims Cathedral |
| these people captured Joan of Arc on May 23, 1430 | the French - Burgundy |
| True/False: the capture and death of Joan of Arc raised English moral and inspired them to prevail victorious | false - weakened their moral, many English thought they had killed a saint |
| the stature of this was raised due to the Hundred Years War, consecrating the notion of monarchial rule as opposed to royal decree, lex rex | Parliament |
| contributer to the Renaissance art period, he painted depictions of "Praying Hands" and the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" | Albrecht Dürer |
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