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Chapter 1-Diseases
Chapter 1 - Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Symptoms | Negative characteristics or departure from normal status |
| Signs | Abnormal objective findings |
| Syndrome | Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a disorder or condition |
| Pathogenesis | Stages of development of a disease |
| Acute illness | Abrupt onset of symptoms that run a brief course |
| Chronic illness | Disease develops slowly, can be intermittent Lasts longer than 6 months Recurrent does not necessarily mean chronic |
| Predisposing factors | Age Gender Lifestyle Environment Heredity Immunodeficiency |
| Endogenous Infection | Inside the body |
| Exogenous Infection | Outside the body |
| Modes of transmission - Infection | Direct or indirect physical contact Inhalation Ingestion of contaminated food or water Inoculation by insect or animal |
| VRE - (Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal) | is a problem in chronic care facilities |
| CRE - (cabapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) | Occurs among patients receiving treatment for other infections |
| MRSA | To blame for skin and tissue infections Leading cause of surgical wound infections Excellent hygiene practices help prevent spread |
| Autosomal dominant | The mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present on the other chromosome |
| Autosomal recessive | Gene is insufficient to produce the mutant phenotype in the presence of a normal gene on the paired chromosome |
| X-linked (sex-linked) recessive | Gene is located only on the X chromosome |
| Benign | Develop slowly Can arise from any tissue Resemble the tissue of origin Rarely recur after surgical removal |
| Malignant | Cells are variable in appearance and disorderly Have the ability to invade other tissues Metastasis makes the neoplasm more difficult to eradicate |
| Cancer Screening | Treatment more likely to succeed if cancer is detected early Elevation of blood serum in tumor markers: Helps determine diagnosis of cancer Evaluates response to therapy Screens for disease recurrence |
| Stages of Cancer | Stage I is best prognosis; stage IV is most advanced |
| TNM staging system | "T" -Size and extent of primary tumor "N" - Extent of regional lymph node involvement by the tumor "M" -Number of distant metastases |
| Factors that can affect cancer prognosis: | Age Serum concentration Time between diagnosis and treatment |
| Cancer Treatment | Surgery Palliative surgery Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Immunotherapy |
| Pain | Is subjective and an be physiologic or psychological Everyone describes pain in different ways Intensity of pain depends on many factors Pain measuring scales can be used Assessment of pain is noted when vitals are taken |
| Acute Pain Classification | Blood pressure and pulse increase |
| Chronic Pain Classification | Patients often exhibit weight loss or gain, insomnia, anorexia, or inability to continue normal activities |
| Intractable Pain Classification | is debilitating and can cause |
| Transient Pain Classification | is often not significant |
| Nociceptors | a sensory receptor for painful stimuli |
Created by:
wallace263
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