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The Age of Reason
The English Civil War, the Enlightenment, & the Scientific Revolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Divine right | The idea that monarchs received their authority to rule from God |
| Absolute ruler | Someone who has centralized power, can create law, can tax heavily, and has absolute rule |
| Louis XIV (the Sun King) | -Revoked the Edict of Nantes forcing all French to be catholic -Instituted heavy taxes to build the Palace of Versailles(a symbol of his power) |
| Peter I (the great) | -Forced Russia to westernize -Instituted heavy taxes to build a capital in his name ( St. Petersburg) and a modern Western military |
| Versailles Palace, | The palace Louis XIV built to symbolize his power |
| English Civil War | Parliament revolts against King Charles I for his abuse of power, the forces of King Charles I are defeated by the forces of Parliament, and King Charles I is executed |
| Roundheads | The forces of Parliament |
| Cavaliers | The forces of King Charles I |
| King Charles I | -Strong believer in divine right and absolutism -King of England from 1625-1649 |
| King Charles II | -Charles I's heir -King of England from 1660-1685 |
| King James II | -King who wanted to restore power to the throne and flaunt his Catholic faith -Ruled from 1685-1688 |
| William & Mary | -King James's Protestant daughter and her husband William assumed the throne in her father's place -Signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689 |
| Constitutional or limited monarchy | -The power of Parliament was greater than the power of the King and Queen's. |
| Period of the "restoration of the Monarchy" | -Begins 1660 when Charles II is called by Parliament to resume Monarchy in England, he rules until he dies, then James II comes but tries to have absolute monarchy, and Parliament instead asks his daughter Mary & and her husband William |
| Oliver Cromwell | -Leader of the Roundheads, executes Charles II and establishes the English Commonwealth and imposes strict rule based on Puritan religious sta-ndards |
| The Commonwealth | -Period when England was ruled as a republic, and Oliver Cromwell took over government and ruled himself |
| The Glorious Revolution | Revolutionary change in government which was achieved without bloodshed and war |
| The Enlightenment | -Era when reason was applied to understanding the human society, especially with law and government -Encouraged religious toleration |
| The Scientific Revolution | The introduction of the scientific method, "reason over religion", systematic observations, and expansion of scientific knowledge |
| Thomas Hobbes | -Wrote "Leviathan" -Believed humans in the "state of nature" were chaos, and government should have absolute power to preserve order |
| John Locke | -Wrote "Two Treaties on Government" -Believed that people created governments to protect their natural rights |
| Montesquieu | -Wrote "Spirit of Laws" -Believed in separation of powers was the best way to prevent absolutism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -Wrote "The Social Contract" -Believed people and the government had a contract and both sides had obligations to fufill |
| Voltaire | -Believed in religious toleration, and separation of church and state |
| Leviathan | -Book written by Thomas Hobbes that concerns the structure of society and legitimate government |
| Two Treatises on Government | -work of political philosophy written by John Locke that outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights |
| In the Spirit of Laws | -Treatise on political theory written by Montesquieu that covers many things including law and social life |
| The Social Contract | -A book written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in which he theorized the best way to establish a political community |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | -Discovered the heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Keplar | -Published the idea that planetary motion is in the form of elliptical orbits around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | -Used telescope to confirm heliocentric theory but was forced to renounce his theory when the Court of Inquisition prosecuted him |
| Sir Isaac Newton | -Developed the laws of gravity |
| William Harvey | -Discovered blood circulates throughout the body in a closed system |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | -Famous Baroque composer |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | -Famous Classical composer |
| Eugene de la Croix | -Painter who contributed to Romanticism |
| Romanticism | -An artistic movement focused on the beauty of nature and exposing human emotion |
| Miguel de Cervantes | -Helped to develop a new form of literature, the novel, with his book Don Quixote |
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