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The Age of Reason
The English Civil War, the Enlightenment, and the Scientific Revolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Divine Right | The idea that monarchs got their power from God and exercised authority over people in "his" name |
| Absolute Ruler | - power was centralized -Monarch had power to make laws and act as judge, jury, and executioner -Monarch got to grant and tax lands - Monarch's power had no limits & no civil and human rights b/c of no docs/constitutions |
| Louis XIV (the Sun King) | ruled France, turned the French Catholic by repealing the Edict of Nantes, funded the Palace of Versailles by setting up heavy taxes |
| Peter I (the Great) | ruled Russia, Westernized Russia, forcibly made Russian nobles shave their beards, established heavy taxes in order to build a modern Western military and "St. Petersburg" (new capital) |
| Versailles Palace | Representation of Louis XIV's power |
| English Civil War | -Parliament vs Charles I -Oliver Cromwell's strict Commonwealth = Parliament unhappy and summoned Charles II to rule -He rules respecting Parliament but his son doesn't -Parliament summons Mary & William to rule - Parliament = more power + common law |
| Roundheads | Parliament's forces |
| Cavaliers | King Charles I's forces |
| King Charles I | English King, abused his power |
| King Charles II | Son of King Charles I, Parliament calls him back to the English throne when they were not happy with Oliver Cromwell's rule |
| King James II | Son of King Charles II, felt no duty towards Parliament and attempted to govern as a monarch under "divine right" |
| William & Mary | Parliament calls them to rule in place of James II, both sign the English Bill of Rights which establishes a "limited" monarchy and "common law" which is based on the court's ruling (11 people) |
| Constitutional or limited monarchy | Parliament has more power than the monarch and the law is "common law" that is based on the court's ruling (11 people) |
| Period of the "restoration of the Monarchy" | - Parliament, unhappy with Cromwell's rule, summoned Charles II to rule - Charles II rules while respecting Parliament's position - James II (son of Charles II) doesn't respect Parliament's position and attempts to govern as a monarch under "divine right" |
| Oliver Cromwell | - Led the Roundheads - Executed King Charles I - Created the English Commonwealth in which he ruled strictly based on Puritan religious standards |
| The Commonwealth | -Created by Cromwell - Rule was strict and based on Puritan religious standards |
| The Glorious Revolution | - Mary II & William take the throne - They sign the English Bill of Rights which establishes a "limited" monarchy - This gives Parliament more power than the monarch and the law becomes "common law" that is based on the court's ruling (11 people) |
| The Enlightenment | - Encouraged: *religious tolerance *democratic rebellions throughout the world - Reason was applied to assist in comprehending the human society, esp. in law and gov - Humans can progress if scientific knowledge and reason is applied to gov & law |
| The Scientific Revolution | - Scientific knowledge grew - Systematic observation and reason valued - The belief that scientific knowledge can improve/advance the world - The scientific method created |
| Thomas Hobbes | Thought that people existed in a primitive and savage state and the outcome of this was the creation of a gov for protection. Also that the power of the gov should be absolute to make and preserve order. - Wrote Leviathan - Absolute monarchy |
| John Locke | Government was created to protect the natural rights (liberty, property, and life) of people and it was their responsibility to rebel against governments that violate these rights. - democracy - Wrote Two Treatises on Government |
| Montesquieu | - Thought that government should have a separation of powers in order to terminate absolutism - Wrote In Spirit of Laws - A gov with separated powers |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Wrote the Social Contract which included his idea that government is a contract the people and the rules participate in willingly and that both parties need to carry out their responsibilities. - Two participants, both with responsibilities to fulfill |
| Voltaire | -Church and state should be separated - Favored religious toleration *A tolerant gov that is not connected to church |
| Leviathan | Written by Thomas Hobbes that included his thoughts that people existed in a primitive and savage state and the outcome of this was the creation of a gov for protection. Also that the power of the gov should be absolute to make and preserve order. |
| Two Treatises on Government | Written by John Locke that included his ideas that government was created to protect the natural rights (liberty, property, and life) of people and it was their responsibility/job to rebel against governments that violate these rights. |
| In the Spirit of Laws | Written by Montesquieu that included his idea that government should have a separation of powers in order to terminate absolutism. |
| The Social Contract | Written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that included his isea tha government is a contract that the people and the rules participate in willingly - Both parties need to carry out their responsibilities/duties |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Discovered that the sun is the center of the solar system, instead of the Earth, and because of this, the Earth rotates around the sun (Heliocentric Theory) |
| Johannes Kepler | Had the idea that planets orbit around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | Affirmed the heliocentric theory with the help of a telescope but had to renounce this because of the Court of Inquisition's persecution |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Discovered gravity; this assisted in Kepler's theory being explained |
| William Harvey | Found out about blood circulation in a closed system across the human body |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | Baroque music composer |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Classical music composer |
| Eugene de la Croix | Helped bring about Romanticism |
| Romanticism | Art emphasizing nature and people's emotions |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Invented the novel |
| the New Model Army | Cromwell's Army |
| English Bill of Rights | - Created a limited monarchy: gave more power to Parliament than the monarch - the law is "common law" that is based on the court's ruling (11 people) |
Created by:
Sabrina Akter
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