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Archaeology1
notes from lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 types of Anthropology | Social/cutural physical Archaeology Linguinstic |
| Define Archaeology | study of human past through material culture |
| Three Goals of archaeology | reconstruct culture history reconstruct past lifeways explain why cultural change has occured |
| Define reconstructing culture history | chronological sequence of cultures change is explained by diffusion 3 time periods of human hisstory |
| Name the three time periods of human history according to Thompson | Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age |
| Define the two Archaeology Theories | Processualism (The New Archaeology) Post-processualism |
| Define Processualism (The New Archaeology) | research design,and the scientific method to analyze conditions of cultural change. Focused on not who but WHY. Archaeologists excavate to answer a specific research question |
| Define Post-processualism | an approach that concerns the cognitive factors of cultural change |
| Describe Archaeological Survey | Archaeological Survery: Systematic attempts to locate identify, and record the distribution of archaeological sites |
| Describe Aerial Remote Sensing | look for shapes in soil, we also use infrared and visible wavelengths to see things on top of ground and below ground |
| Describe Excavation | Excavation: The digging of archaeological sites, removal of the matrix, and the recording of the provenience and context of the finds |
| Describe provenience | vertical and horizontal position within in matrix |
| Describe context | The position of an archaeological find in time and space. |
| Describe Primary context | undisturbed deposits showing original use (Tomb, intact room deposits, burnt room, Pompeii effect) |
| Describe Secondary context | Deposits disturbed by human activity not in the context of original use (Trash pits) |
| Describe Tertiary context | Removed one step more from original contexts (Wash layers, mudbricks with older deposits) |
| Describe Association | The relationship between an artifact an other archaeological finds |
| Describe Horizontal Excavation | Designed to expose large areas (Differences in the site from the same period). |
| Describe Vertical Excavation | Designed to establish a chronological sequence (Change over time). |
| Describe Dendrochronology | Using the rings on trees to find out the time period an artifact is from |
| Describe Cross-Dating | Dating sites by objects of known age, or artifact association of known age |
| Describe Radiocarbon Dating | Can date objects from 50,000 B.C.- Carbon 14—radioactive isotope.- Breaks down to Carbon 13 Half-life of C14……5,730 years |
| Describe Potassium Argon Dating | From 100,000 years-millions of years Can only be used on volcanic rocksDecay of K/40 produces argon gas Half-life of 1.3 billion years K/40 produces argon gas Can only be used on volcanic rocks Time gap between K/Ar and C14 dating |
| Describe Relative Dating--Seriation | tells us that something is older or younger than something else, but not by how much Examples: Stratigraphy and Seriation |
| Describe Upper Paleolithic Subsitence | hunter/gatherer aggregate in certain seasons--split up into smaller groups to hunt and gather art objects connected with social and religious ceremonies at large sites? reinforced social ties, unity. |
| Describe Upper Paleolithic Environment | Cold weather 10 degrees colder had to Modern Humans had several adaptations: •! Better clothing •! More efficient hunting (surplus for wint |
| Describe The Spread of Modern Humans | The earliest evidence for people in Siberia is 18,000 BP (16,000 BC). Although still debated Humans arrived in the Americas ~12,000 BP |
| Describe Pleistocene--Holocene | Around 13,000 years ago—11,000 BC Global temperatures got higher Warmer temperatures lead to rising sea levels and the opening up of new environmental niches Megafauna disappear |
| Describe Mesolithic | Societies around the world became more sedentary. foragers could expand focus on fewer, more abundant resources Eventually this lead to the domestication of plants and animals. |
| Describe The movement towards agriculture | Domestication of plants and animals occurred independently throughout the world. The reasons for domestication vary in different areas of the world Climate change did have a part to play |
| Describe Domestication | Human control over the breeding producing new species •! Agriculture: obtaining food from intense use domesticated plants and animals. |
| Describe Agriculture: | h |
| Describe V. Gordon Childe | “Oasis Theory” Armchair Archaeologist “Push” Model Humans forced to domesticate plants and animals by a changing environment |
| Describe Problems with oasis theory | Climate did not become drier but wetter. Early food producing communities found outside of river valleys and oases. |
| Describe Robert Braidwood's Natural Habitat Hypothesis theory | Agriculture would have occurred in the areas where these wild plants existed •! And would have been the result of human invention over time. |
| End of the Pleistocene Near East | 11,000 BC. End of Pleistocene beginning of Holocene Warmer and Wetter climate New varieties of habitats open up with diverse resources climate gets first warmer and wetter, and then starts to dry. •! More sedentary - have some year round camps. |
| Natufian | hunters and gatherers-sedentry Culture in Levant (Eastern Med. Coast) •! intensive collection of wild cereals - storage of the wild foods they collect – limited set of resources •! exploit intensively •! heavy reliance on cereals -- |
| Sedentism | a. population growth: •! b. community size •! c. subsistence diversity and risk: •! d. storage: sedentary h/g's •! e. resource depletion: •! f. territoriality: •! g. egalitarian social organization: •! h. dispute resolution: •! i. disease: |
| Natufian --> PPNA Transition | Sedentism--population had grown. •! Population growth + climatic drying = resources stress. |
| PPNA - Main Characteristics | New Technology. sedentary villages - round/oval houses cereal domestication appears hunting and gathering continue to be important |
| Neolithic: Transition from PPNA-- PPNB | ! animal domestication •! a few hundred to a few thousand people •! architectural changes |
| Abu Hureyra, Syria | Presence of grinding querns for grain •! Deformed foot bones of some of the women showed they spent much of their time kneeling and grinding grain. |
| Jericho | Transition from PPNA round architecture to PPNB rectangular mud brick houses •! Good evidence for religion and ritual •! widespread ritual practices and beliefs in the PPNB |
| PPNB Religion | 2. Plastered Skulls – found in Levant--Bodies buried beneath house floors. •! Skulls reburied separately in another pit inside room 3. life-size carved limestone masks - •! Use unknown •! Ritual? |
| PPNB Religion1 | Plastered skulls, sculptures, masks - etc. may reflect th |
| How Do You Recognize Domestication? | Plants—Seed size, number of seeds, brittle or touch rachis, occurs in areas outside natural zone |
| Catal Hoyuk | Hunting continued to be important aurochs (wild cattle), red deer, onager, wild sheep, boar, leopards. largely agricultural-grain storage bins and querns found in every house. Now - the largest Neolithic sites in the NE. |
| Obsidian | control of the obsidian trade was the basis for Çatal Höyük’s wealth? •! obsidian - most widespread Neolithic trading trading commodity - •! Çatal Höyük - near main source in central Anatolia |
| "Shrines" | Mellaart identified 40 of the 139 excavated rooms as "shrines" main evidence for religious activity at Çatal Höyük – •! wall paintings and modeled clay decoration in "shrines". |
| Where did agriculture first appear in Europe? | initial development of agriculture in in SE Europe |
| how you explain change in neolithic europe? | independent invention •! b) diffusion (cultural borrowing as the result of contact bet. 2 areas) •! c) migration of people from one area to anoth |
| The Mesolithic of Europe | climate warms •! -populations of hunter/gatherers concentrated in optimal zones- •! seashores, lakes, river valleys, forests clearings |
| mesolithic peoples of Europe | more sedentary than hunter/gatherers of upper paleolithic |
| The transition to farming in Europe | independent invention, •! diffusion (cultural borrowing), and then •! migration from SE Europe into temperate Europe |
| Argissa-Maghula | -a mounded site - earliest known evidence for food production in Europe domesticated emmer wheat and barley. domesticated cattle, sheep, and pig bones |
| Bandkeramik culture | first settlement of southeast European farmers in central Europe. had conflict with hunter and gatherers found fortifications in belgium |
| megalithic tombs What purpose did these tombs serve? | visible marker of their connection to that territory implies coordination and leadership |
| Origins of Agriculture in the New World | Sierra Madres •! Between the 2 ranges - a series of highland valleys, e.g. •! Highlands - generally a hot and semi-arid environment. •! Lowlands: -jungle areas - very hot and wet. |
| New World vs. Old World Domestication | Main difference: More varieties of plants were cultivated in the New World than in the Old world. •! More animals were domesticated in the Old world than in the New |
| New World Animals | -llamas - Andes •! -alpaca - Andes •! -Turkey - North America •! -Guinea pig - Andes •! -dog - all over |
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wuan_jismer
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