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Chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Muhammad | profit of the Islamic faith, born in Mecca , worked among the Bedouins, became a prophet at 40 when he was asked by an angel to become God's messenger |
| Mecca | a trading and religious center where the prophet Muhammad was born |
| Bedouins | nomadic herders |
| Yathrib | the city to which Muhammad and his followers fled in 622 |
| Medina | formerly the city of Yathrib, where thousand s adopted Islam and formed strong, peaceful communities |
| Hijra | The journey Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina |
| Kaaba | the holiest Islamic site that Muhammad dedicated to Allah upon his return to Mecca |
| Quran | the sacred text of Islam believed to be the direct word of God as told to Muhammad; all Muslims study it to learn about God's will and living a good life |
| mosques | where Muslims gather to pray |
| The FIve Pillars of Islam [essay question] | declaring faith, praying five times daily, giving charity to the poor, fasting during their holy month, and making the hajj |
| hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the five pillars of Islam |
| jihad | to struggle in God's service; another duty of muslims |
| Sharia | a body of laws that interprets the Quran and applies religious principles to legal situations, helps Muslim societies govern daily life |
| Abu Bakr | the first caliph, united all Arab tribes as Muslims which led to Arabs defeating the Persian empire and parts of the Byzantine empire |
| Shiites | Muslims that believe Muhammad's successors must be descendants of his son-in-law and religious leaders who interpret the Quran |
| Sunnis | Muslims that believe male Muslims from Muhammad's tribe can lead without performing religious functions; about 90 percent of Muslims |
| Sufis | a third group of Muslims who meditate and fast to gain communion with God |
| Umayyad | a Sunni caliphate that directed conquests that extended Muslim rule from Spain to the Indus River Valley |
| Abbasid | dynasty founded by Abu al-Abbas; ended conquests and supported education and learning; enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government and a beautiful new capital in the former Persian empire |
| Baghdad | the new capital of the Abbasid dynasty |
| minarets | slender towers that were often found on mosques |
| sultan | name for rulers amongst the Seljuk Turks ; their sultan took power from the Abbasids by 1055 but kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead |
| social mobility | the ability to move up in social class through religious, scholarly, or military achievements |
| Firdawsi | one of the great Muslim poets who told the history of Persia |
| Omar Khayyám | one of the great Muslim poets who wrote about fate and life in The Rubáiyát |
| calligraphy | the art of beautiful handwriting that Muslim artists used for decoration on buildings and in books |
| Ibn Rushd | a Muslim philosopher who believed that knowledge should meet the standards of reason |
| Ibn Khaldun | Muslim thinker who studied history scientifically and advised others in avoiding errors |
| al-Khwarizmi | a Muslim mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra |
| Muhammad al-Razi | chief physician in the hospital at Baghdad who wrote books on diseases and medical practices |
| Ibn Sina | a famous Persian physician who compiled an encyclopedia of medical knowledge |
| Delhi | capital of India |
| rajahs | local Hindu rulers |
| Sikhism | a new religion that is a blend of Muslim and Hindu beliefs |
| Babur | led Turkish and Mongol armies into northern India to establish the Mughal dynasty |
| Mughal | a dynasty that lasted until 1857 |
| Akbar | Babur's grandson; known as Akbar the Great; established a strong central government that had paid officials, modernized the army, encouraged international trade, allowed Hindus to work in government, promoted peace through religious rolerance |
| Nur Jahan | Akbar's son's wife who managed the government skillfully and supported Indian culture; was the most powerful woman in Indian history until the twentieth century |
| Shah Jahan | Akbar's grandson who ruled when Mughal literature, art, and architecture were at their height |
| Taj Mahal | a tomb Shah Jahan' built for his wife |
| Ottomans | Turkish-speaking nomads who expanded into Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula by the 1300s, successful in capturing Constantinople in 1453 |
| Istanbul | formerly the city of Constantinople that became the capital of the Ottoman empire |
| Suleiman | ruled over the Ottoman empire leading to a golden age; expanded the empire into Asia, Africa, and Europe; had absolute power but a council helped him govern |
| janizaries | an elite force of the Ottoman army |
| Safavids | united an empire in Persia (modern Iran); Shiite Muslims who fought with Sunni Ottomans to the west and the Mughals in India to the east |
| shah | Safavid term for king |
| Shah Abbas | the greatest shah in the Safavid empire; created a strong military and developed military alliances with Europeans; lowered taxes and encouraged industry; tolerated other religions and built a capital at Isfahan |
| Isfahan | the capital of the Safavid empire which became a center for silk trading |
| Qajars | a new dynasty that won control of Iran |
| Tehran | city made the capital of Iran by the Qajars |
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