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DU PA Male CA
Duke PA Male Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| __ is the most common cancer that occurs in men and the second leading cause of cancer death | Prostate cancer |
| There is no association with prostate cancer and __ | Smoking, sexual activity, or prior history of prostatitis or BPH |
| There is histological evidence of prostate cancer in more than __% of men over the age of 60 | 50 |
| Men with a less than __ year life expectancy may not benefit from prostate cancer screening | 10 |
| Men younger than __ years of age and in otherwise good health are recommended to have routine screening for prostate cancer | 70-75 |
| Prostate cancer typically arises from what portion of the prostate | Peripheral portion which can be palpated on DRE |
| __ of the prostate on DRE should be considered suggestive of prostate cancer | Induration or nodularity |
| __ values increase as men age | PSA |
| Probably the most important prostate cancer diagnostic piece of information | Increase in PSA greater than 0.75ng/mL per year |
| What system is most often used to grade prostate cancer | Gleason system |
| What is the most useful test in determining the local tumor extent with prostate cancer | DRE |
| __ is of limited value and usually not indicated clinically for determining either local extent or nodal metastasis (prostate ca) | CT scanning |
| In patients with high grade tumors or a substantially elevated PSA, __ is indicated | A bone scan |
| What is the most common site of distant spread for prostate cancer | Bone |
| What treatment for prostate cancer has the most proven ability for long term cure | Radical prostatectomy |
| With radical prostatectomy significant incontinence occurs in only __% of men, but up to __% may have at least some degree of mild stress incontinence | 2, 10 |
| What should happen to PSA levels after radical prostatectomy | They should fall to undetectable levels |
| __ is an extremely sensitive and specific marker for monitoring men after radical prostatectomy | PSA |
| __ remains the primary form of treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the prostate | Endocrine manipulation |
| What is the goal of endocrine manipulation with metastatic prostate cancer | To deprive the cancer cells of serum androgens |
| Testosterone declines to castrate values within __ after surgical orchiectomy and __ after administering an LHRH analog | A few days, a few weeks |
| Hormonal therapy to treat prostate cancer usually causes what AE’s with long term use | hot flushes, osteoporosis, wt gain, loss of muscle mass |
| The prognosis for patients with prostate cancer is poor when __ | The cancer shows evidence of progression despite hormonal therapy |
| __ can sometimes provide palliation for metastatic progressive prostate cancer, but has not been shown to increase survival | Chemotherapy |
| __ of the penis is an uncommon tumor in the united states and the rest of the developed world | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is diagnosed almost exclusively in __ men | Uncircumcised |
| __ are not routinely recommended for penile cancer b/c physical examination has been proven to be the most accurate predictor of tumor stage | Imaging studies |
| A diagnosis of carcinoma of the penis is confirmed by __ | Histological evaluation of an excisional biopsy |
| The prognosis for patients with distant metastatic disease or nodal metastasis above __ is poor | Inguinal ligament |
| With testicular cancer, as a result of effective surgery, radiation therapy and combination chemotherapy survival approaches __% for low risk disease and __% for high risk disease | 99, 80 |
| The most common solid malignancy in men age 15-34 years | Testicular tumors |
| __ is a well accepted risk factor for subsequent development of testicular carcinoma | Cryptorchidism |
| What is the most common presenting sign or symptom of testis cancer | Firm painless mass arising from the testis |
| Up to __% of patients with testicular cancer are treated for presumed epididymitis | 33 |
| __ is diagnostic for testicular cancer | Scrotal ultrasonography |
| Testicular cancer is unique in that __ play an important role in tumor staging | Serum tumor markers |
| Which nodes are the most common site of metastasis for testicular cancer | Retroperitoneal lymph nodes |
| Chest x-ray or thoracic CT scanning completes the clinical staging of what cancer, b/c the lungs and posterior mediastinum are the most common sites of distant metastatic disease | Testicular cancer |
| __ is the standard of treatment for patients with advanced testicular cancer | Platinum based chemo |
| What population groups are at highest risk for developing prostate cancer | Blacks, those with a family history of prostate cancer, high dietary fat intake |
| What is the standard method for detection of prostate cancer | Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy |
| Detection rates for prostate cancer with DRE alone vary from __% | 1.5-7 |
| Most prostate cancers detected with DRE are __ | Advanced (stage T3 or greater) |
| What is the serial measurement of PSA over time | PSA velocity |
| A rate of change in PSA greater than __ng/mL per year is associated with an increased likelihood of cancer detection | 0.75 |
| The majority of prostate cancers are __ | Adenocarcinomas |
| Most primary testicular tumors are __ tumors | Germ cell (seminoma and nonseminoma) |
| The lifetime probability of developing testicular cancer is __% for an American white male | 0.2 |
| With testicular cancer, acute pain resulting from intratesticular hemorrhage occurs in approximately __% of cases | 10 |
| __ is never elevated with pure seminomas | Alpha fetoprotein |
| __ is occasionally elevated in seminomas | hCG |
| How can prostate cancer lymph node metastasis present itself | Lower extremity lymphedema |
| What is the clinical presentation of advanced prostate cancer | Bone pain/pathologic fractures, hematuria, hematospermia |
| Gleason grades for prostate cancer >__ are associated with aggressive tumors | 8 |
| Gleason grades for prostate cancer of __ are most common | 5 or 6 |
| What do you do for a patient with prostate cancer who already has a <10 year life expectancy regardless of the cancer (significant comorbidities) | Watchful waiting |
| What do you do for a patient with prostate cancer who has a >10 year life expectancy | Curative therapy (radical prostatectomy) |
| Post radical prostatectomy consider __ if PSA levels remain detectable | Metastasis |
| What kind of outcome can be expected when treating localized prostate cancer with external beam radiation | Outcomes comparable to radical prostatectomy |
| What are some complications of external beam radiation used to treat prostate cancer | Cystitis, radiation proctitis, impotence |
| What is the method of action for anti-androgen therapy | Blocks the cellular metabolism of androgen |
| When would cryotherapy be used to treat prostate cancer | For cancer cells resistant to radiation and hormonal therapy |
| What are some contraindications for prostate cancer cryotherapy | Prior TURP, extensive disease |
| __ is not recommended by the USPSTF | PSA screening |
| What is the key etiologic factor in developing penile cancer | Chronic inflammation and irritation |
| What are some possible risk factors for penile cancer | Lack of neonatal circumcision, HPV 16 & 18, tobacco use, poor hygiene |
| What are the common locations for penile cancers | Glans penis, coronal sulcus, foreskin |
| What is the most important diagnostic test in the evaluation of penile cancer | Lesion biopsy |
| What are some organ sparing procedures for the treatment of penile cancer | 5 fluorouracil (topical), external beam radiation, Moh’s microsurgery, laser ablation, circumcision |
| Of the two types of testicular cancers which one is the pure tumor, is most common and originates in the seminal vesicles | Seminoma |
| Which serum tumor marker is elevated in most testicular tumors | Beta hCG |
| Which serum tumor marker is elevated in non-seminomas, and excludes a diagnosis of seminoma | AFP |
| Which serum tumor marker is very non-specific, and is useful for monitoring advanced seminoma | LDH |
Created by:
bwyche
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