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OC 13&17 Test Review
OC Chapter 13 & 17 Sci Rev and Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Scientific Revolution? | a series of events that led to the birth of modern science |
| What did ancient Greek and Roman thinkers emphasize? | the use of observation and logic |
| What famous event in exploration first caused scholars to doubt ancient Greek ideas? | Columbus's finding the Americas (instead of Asia, as the ancient maps indicated!) |
| How did exploration contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | Scholars started to question ancient Greek ideas |
| What was Copernicus's revolutionary idea? | the planets orbit the sun (not the earth) |
| What scientist theorized that the planets moved in elliptical orbits, not circular ones? | Johannes Kepler |
| What was special about the way Galileo Galilei tested his theories? | He was the first person to routinely use experiments. |
| What are two of Newton's ideas? | the law of gravity and the laws of motion |
| What do Newton's laws of motion describe? | how objects move through space |
| Why were Newton's laws important to modern science? | They explained how the physical world worked. |
| What instrument did Galileo used to study astronomy? | a telescope |
| How did people learn about the natural world after the Scientific Revolution? | through observation and experimentation |
| What did René Descartes argue that knowledge begins with? | doubt |
| What is the scientific method? | a way of gaining knowledge through obsevation and experimentation |
| How did the Scientific Revolution influence Enlightenment thinkers' ideas about government? | science AND reason could help improve society |
| Why did the Church and science come into conflict? | Science contradicted (went against) Church teachings and weakened the influence of the Church. |
| Why was Galileo brought before the Inquisition, and what were they trying to get him to admit? | He wrote that the planets orbit the sun, and the Church wanted him to believe that the earth was the center of the universe (not the sun) |
| Instead of religious teachings, what did Enlightenment scholars use to figure out how the world worked? | reason, or logical thought |
| What were the three great goals of the Enlightenment scholars? | knowledge, freedom, and happiness |
| What is another name for the Enlightenment? | Age of Reason |
| How did the ideas of the ancient Greek scholars contribute to the ideas of the Enlightenment? | People could use logic to gain knowledge. |
| What is "natural law"? | the idea that a law governed how the world operated |
| Who said, "I [may] disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"? | Voltaire (freedom of speech/expression) |
| What was a similarity between Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment thinkers? | They both thought that humans could improve their world. |
| What does "secular" mean? | not religious |
| What was the importance of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment period? | Scientists used scientific methods to gain scientific knowledge, and Enlightenment thinkers used similar techniques to gain knowledge about how to solve society's problems. |
| What was a "salon"? | a social gathering held to discuss ideas |
| Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? | British writer who argued for women's rights during the Enlightenment |
| What kind of government was most common during the 1600s in Europe (Enlightenment period)? | monarchy - kings, queens, and emperors |
| What did European monarchs believe about their power/position as ruler? | that it had been given by God |
| What was an "enlightened despot"? | a monarch who tried to make the lives of the people better |
| Did kings want democracy? | In general - NO! |
| What did John Locke say is the purpose of government? | to provide peace, safety, and work for the good of the people |
| What were John Locke's three "natural rights"? | rights of life, liberty, and property |
| What is meant by "separation of powers" in government? | the idea that government should be divided into separate branches that must share power |
| What is meant by Rousseau's idea of "popular sovereignty"? | the idea that government should express the will of the people |
| Why did colonists in early America protest the new taxes? | They thought they were unfair because the British in Europe didn't have to pay them. |
| Who were two major leaders in early America politics who were influenced by Enlightenment ideas? | Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson |
| What was the main purpose of the Magan Carta? | to grant the people more rights and to limit the king's power |
| What part of the Declaration of Independence reflects John Locke's idea of natural rights? | the part that mentions that people have "unalienable rights" |
| What are the three branches of United States federal government? | legislative (Congress), judiciary (Supreme Court), executive (President) |
| What part of the U. S. Constitution reflects Montesquieu's idea about government? | power is divided among three branches |
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Oak Crest Middle
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