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Chapter 3 Vocabulary
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Minoans | Earliest civilization on Crete. 1600 B.C.. |
Myceaneaens | Earliest Greek civilization. Conquered Crete from Minoans. |
Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization in Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. |
Polis | Greek city-states. |
Monarchy | Governing system lead by one hereditary king. |
Aristocracy | Rule by upper class. |
Oligarchy | Rule by few. |
Tyrant | Ruled by one man. Often military official. |
Phonetic Alphabet | Writing system which used 22 letters to make sounds. |
Homer | Blind Greek poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey. |
Hoplites | Greek soldiers. |
Secularism | Dealing with worldly affairs without personal connection. |
Natural Law | Forces of nature that cause phenomena. |
Socrates | Athenian philosopher who focused on ethics and challenging officials. |
Plato | Athenian philosopher. Student of Socrates. |
Aristotle | Greek philosopher and scientist from Stageira. Student of Plato. |
Cyrus The Great | Persian warrior-king. |
Satraps | Persian government officials that answered to the king. |
Delian League | Greek alliance formed after Persian Wars. Led by Pericles of Athens. |
Peloponnesian War | War between Athens and Sparta. Sparta won. 431-404 B.C.. |
Alexander The Great | Macedonian king who conquered Persia, Egypt, and India. |
Hellenistic Age | Era of Macedonian control after Alexander's death. 323-30 B.C.. |
Republic | Government run by elected officials. Res publica, "thing of the people." |
Senate | Ruling body of elected officials in Rome. |
Patricians | Aristocrats in Rome. |
Plebeians | Lower class in Rome. |
Consuls | Two executives chosen by the Roman senate. |
Tribunes | Represented plebeians in Roman government. |
Julius Caesar | Successful military general who become dictator of Rome and conquered France. |
Triumvirate | Rule of Three: Julius, Crassus, and Pompey. |
Caesar Augustus | Nephew of Julius. First emperor of Rome. |
Law of Twelve Tables | Roman Republic's laws. |
Pax Romana | 200 years of Roman peace. |
Punic Wars | Between Rome and Carthage of Africa. 264-146 B.C.. |
Virgil | Roman poet who wrote Aeneid. |
Livy | Roman historian. |
Diocletian | Roman emperor who divided the empire into two halves. |
Constantine | Roman emperor who established Constantinople and legalized Christianity. |
Period of Warring States | End of Zhou dynasty. Marked by civil war among Chinese warlords. |
Legalism | Chinese philosophy based on the belief that humans are evil and corrupt. |
Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the two opposing forces in nature and the Dao. |
Confucianism | Chinese philosophy based off 5 key relationships and filial piety. |
Shi Huangdi | Qin ruler known as China's first emperor. Unified China using harsh rules. |
Han Wudi | Han emperor known for conquest and expansion of China. |
Forbidden City | Han capital in Chang'an, only the emperor, family, and close advisers. |
Scholar Gentry | Class of well educated elite that worked for the Chinese government. |
Aryans | Indo-European invaders to India. |
Caste | Social class of hereditary status, no social mobility between classes. |
Brahmins | Hindu priests, highest social class in caste system. |
Kshatriya | Hindu warriors and rulers, second social class in caste system. |
Vaishya | Hindu merchants, artisans, and farmers, third class in caste system. |
Shudras | Hindu peasants, lowest class in caste system. |
Jati | Subgroups of families within a caste. |
Upanishads | Writings which reflect Aryan and Dravidian beliefs. Commentaries on the Vedas. |
Reincarnation | Rebirth of soul in another life after death. |
Hinduism | Polytheistic religion, began as a combination of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs. |
Buddhism | Atheist religion/philosophy, began by Siddhartha Gautama. |
Siddhartha Gautama | Nepalese prince, founder of Buddhism, first Buddha. |
Asoka | Third ruler of Mauryan dynasty, converted and spread Buddhism. |
Chandra Gaupta | Founder of Gaupta dynasty. |