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OC 13&17 Study Guide
OC Chapter 13 & 17 Sci Rev and Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The series of events that led to the birth of modern science | Scientific Revolution |
| What is meant by "revolution"? | a radical new idea; a completely different way of doing things or looking at something |
| Before the Scientific Revolution, where did most educated people get their information? | from ancient Greek and Roman texts and the Catholic Church |
| After the Scientific Revolution, where did educated people get their information? | from their own observations of the world around them and logical explinations of what they saw |
| What is the definition of "science"? | a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world |
| What is a "theory"? | an explanation a scientist develops based on facts about what they have observed |
| Who was Aristotle? | a Greek philosopher who taught that people should observe the world carefully and draw logical conclusions about what they see |
| Who was Ptolemy? | a Greek thinker and ancient astronomer who said the sun, stars, and planets revolved around the Earth |
| How do you view the world if you are a "rationalist"? | in a rational, or reasonable and logical, way |
| Scholars from what three religions contributed to the roots of the Scientific Revolution? | Islam, Judaism, and Christianity |
| What European philosophy that stressed interest in the natural world helped contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | humanism |
| What is "alchemy"? | a forerunner of chemistry; alchemists were most known for trying to to change other metals into gold |
| How does a "rationalist" view the world? | in a rational, or reasonable and logical, way (like a scientist) |
| What event that took place in 1492 caused Europeans to doubt the accuracy of some of the ancient Greek writings? | Christopher Columbus set sail for Asia using a map made by Ptolemy, but hit North America instead. |
| What astronomer published a book in 1543 that contradicted what an ancient Greek astronomer had written? | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| What was the main point of Copernicus's book, "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres"? | the planets orbited the sun |
| What scientist is credited with beginning the Scientific Revolution? | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| How did the observations of Johannes Kepler improve upon the work of Copernicus? | Kepler discovered the planets orbit the sun in elliptical (oval), not circular orbits |
| What Danish scientist charted the positions of more that 750 stars? | Tycho Brahe |
| What scientist emphasized the importance of carefult observation and detailed, accurate records? | Tycho Brahe |
| Who was the first person to study the sky using a telescope? | Galileo Galilei |
| What were some of Galileo's discoveries made with the telescope? | - the moon is not smooth, but has craters and mountains- moons orbit Jupiter |
| Describe Galileo's famous experiment at Pisa. | He dropped two weights of different sizes off the tower of Pisa and discovered that they both landed on the ground at the same time. |
| Who is considered the father of experimental science? | Galileo |
| What is the term for the study of objects in motion? | mechanics |
| Who is considered one of the greatest and most influential scientists who ever lived? | Sir Isaac Newton |
| What type of math did Newton invent? | calculus |
| What was the title of the book Newton published in 1687 that marked the high point of the Scientific Revolution? | "Principia Mathematica" |
| What are two "laws" attributed to Newton? | the law of gravity and the laws of motion |
| What is Newton's famous quote about how objects move in space? | "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." |
| What two philosophers helped establish science as the most effective way of gathering knowledge about the natural world? | Francis Bacon and René Descartes |
| Which English philosopher argued that science should be pursued systematically and logically? | Francis Bacon |
| Which French philosopher believed nothing should be accepted as true if it wasn't proven to be true? | René Descartes |
| What is the meaning of "scientific method"? | a step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research |
| What are the six steps of the scientific method? | 1) state the problem, 2) gather information, 3) form a hypothesis, 4) test the hypothesis, 5) record & analyze data, 6) draw conclusions |
| How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution influence the thinkers of the Enlightenment? | Political thinkers believed that natural laws could explain the behavior of people - they wanted to use their understanding and knowledge to improve society. |
| Describe the conflict between science and religion during the Scientific Revolution. | Church teachings were based on faith; science was based on facts. New scientific discoveries contradicted Church teachings, such as Copernicus's idea that the earth orbited the sun. |
| Why was Galileo brought before the Inquisition, and what was the outcome of the trial? | Church officials accused him of believing Copernicus's view that the planets orbit the sun; under threat of torture, Galileo ended up renouncing his belief and spent the remainder of his life under house arrest. |
| What is the period called in which reason guided people's thoughts about philosophy, society, and politics? | The Enlightenment |
| What was a "salon"? | a social gathering held to discuss ideas; often hosted by women |
| Who are some major figures of the Enlightenment? | Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Beccaria |
| What philosopher believed the absolute rule of kings was the best form of government? | Thomas Hobbes |
| What was Hobbes's view of human beings? | They were naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy, and driven by a desire for power. |
| What is the name of Thomas Hobbes's famous book, published in 1651? | Leviathan |
| Which Enlightenment philosopher argued that the purpose of government was to protect people's natural rights? | John Locke |
| According to Locke, what are people's natural rights? | the right to life, liberty, and property |
| Locke believed that is a government did not respect people's rights, what could the people do? | overthrow the government |
| What was Baron Charles-Louis de Montesquieu's idea about the power of government? | Government should be divided into three branches, each of which serves to limit the power of the others. |
| What are the three branches of government, according to Montesquieu? | legislative; executive; judicial |
| What are the three branches of the U.S. government? | Congress; President; Supreme Court |
| What was Voltaire's famous quote about free speech? | "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." |
| What was Voltaire's stance on religion? | Religious tolerance - people should be allowed to practice religion in their own way |
| What did Beccaria believe about crime and punishment? | "Punishment should fit the seriousness of the crime." |
| Name one influencial women writer of the Enlightenment. | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| What did most women in the Enlightentment argue for? | women's rights |
| During this time in history, most governments were what type? | monarchy (rule by king/queen) |
| A government in which the people have a say either directly or through representatives is called what? | democracy (rule by the people) |
| Two important American historical figures who were influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers were...? | Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson |
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Oak Crest Middle
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