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Rubenstein All Vocab
Every single vocab word in the Rubenstein AP Human Geo book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acid deposition | sulfur and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere - where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid - and return to Earth's surface |
| acid precipitation | conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog |
| active solar energy systems | solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collecters |
| agribusiness | commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps into the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations |
| agricultural density | the ratio of number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture |
| agricultural revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
| agriculture | deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
| air pollution | concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
| animate power | power supplied by people or animals |
| animism | belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| annexation | legally adding land area to a city in the US |
| apartheid | laws no longer in effet in South Africa that physically seperated different races into different geographic areas |
| arithmetic density | total number of people divided by the total land area |
| autonomous religion | religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally |
| balance of power | condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries |
| balkanization | process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| balkanized | small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ehtnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward eachother |
| base line | an east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the US |
| basic industries | industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
| biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
| biodiversity | number of species within a given habitat |
| biomass fuel | fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
| blockbusting | process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their homes at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood |
| boundary | invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory |
| brain drain | large scale emigration by talented people |
| branch (of a religion) | large and fundamental division within a religion |
| break-of-bulk point | location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| breeder reactor | a nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium |
| British Recieved Pronunciation (BRP) | the dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the UK |
| bulk-gaining industry | an industry in which the final product weighs more than the inputs |
| bulk-reducing industry | an industry in which the final product weighs less than the inputs |
| business services | services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses |
| cartography | the science of making maps |
| caste | the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law |
| census tract | an area delineated by the US Bureau of the Census, for which statistics are published; roughly the size of a neighborhood |
| census | complete emuneration of a population |
| central business district (CBD) | area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| central place theory | theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements |
| central place | market area for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
| centripetal force | an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| cereal grain | grass yielding grain for food |
| chaff | husks of grain seperated from the seed by threshing |
| chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| chloroflurocarbons (CFC) | gas used a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
| circulation | short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis |
| city-state | sovereign state comprising of a city and its immediate hinterland |
| clustered rural settlement | rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
| colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on another territory |
| colony | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
| combine | a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field |
| commercial agriculture | agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| compact state | a state in which the distance from the center to the boundarty does not vary significantly |
| concentration | the spread of something over a given area |
| concentric zone model | a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| connections | relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space |
| conservation | the sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced |
| consumer services | businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services |
| contagious diffusion | rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| cosmogony | a set of religous beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
| cottage industry | manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution |
| council of government | a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the US |
| counterubranization | net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs |
| creole or creolized language | a language resulting from a mix of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
| crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| crop | grain or friut gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| crude death rate (CDR) | total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| cultural ecology | geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships |
| cultural landscape | fashioning of a natural landscape of a cultural group |
| culture | the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition |
| custom | the frequent repitition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characterisic of the group of people performing the act |
| urbanization | process by which pop of cities grow |
| urbanized area | central city and surrounding built-up suburbs |
| metropolitan statistical area | method of measuring functional area of a city |
| micropolitan statistical area | urbnzd. area between 10 and 50,000, and adj counties |
| sector model | model of internal structure of cities with social group arranged around wedges out from CBD |
| multiple nuclei model | city = complex structure with +1 center for activities |
| squatter settlement | area in city with illegal buildings/homemade structures |
| filtering | process of subdivision of houses by waves of low income people |
| redlining | drawing lines on a map for areas where they won’t lend $ |
| urban renewal | program where cities identify bad neighborhoods and raze and rebuild new buildings and infrastructure for private developers |
| public housing | gov housing rented to low income inhab. for % of income |
| gentrification | process of middle-class renovation of inner-city |
| underclass | group stuck in a cycle of economic/social problems |
| peripheral model | inner city surrounded by big suburban/business areas tied together by a large ring road |
| edge cities | nodes of consumer and business services around ring road |
| density gradient | density change in an urban area from center to periphery |
| sprawl | progressive spread of development over landscape |
| greenbelts | ring of land used as park or agr to discourage sprawl |
| zoning ordinances | law that limits uses of land and max development density |
| rush hour | peak hour; four 15 minute periods with heaviest traffic |
| smart growth | legislation to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
| Ind Rev | cause of pop growth in 17-1950 |
| labor-intensive industry | where labor cost is high % of expenses |
| trading blocs | where countries cooperate in trade, competes against other blocs |
| maquiladora | factories built by border in mexico to employ cheap labor |
| textile | fabric made by weaving, used in clothing |
| right-to-work state | us state that has passed a law preventing unions |
| Post-Fordist prod. | adoption by companies of flex. work rules, such as teams of workers to do various tasks |
| site factors | location factors related to costs of prod., land, labor, capital |
| situation factors | location factors related to trans. of materials to & from factories |
| new international division of labor | selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs |
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arttakesmadness
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