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Rome & Christianity
Chapter 5 Vocabulary from P/H World History Text 2007
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Etruscans | people who ruled most of central Italy for a time; Rome adopted their engineering and alphabet |
| republic | new government where people were represented by officials |
| patricians | members of the landholding upper class |
| consuls | elected official from the patrician class; had the power to supervise the administrations and command the armies |
| dictator | ruler with complete control over government; patricians had the power to choose a temporary one in the event of war |
| plebeians | common people, had little influence |
| tribunes | officials from the plebeian class |
| veto | blocking of law; power that the plebeians had |
| legion | basic military unit comprised of 5,000 citizen-soldiers |
| imperialism | establishing control over foreign lands; policy which Rome was committed to |
| latifundia | large estates purchased by wealthy families |
| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | brothers who were the first to attempt social and political reform; were killed in a series of riots |
| Julius Ceasar | brilliant military commander; defeated Pompey, returned to Rome and forced the senate to make him dictator for life; pushed through reforms; killed by his enemies |
| Augustus | Ceasar's nephew, formerly known as Octavian, who worked with Marc Antony to avenge Ceasar and then defeated Antony for power over Rome; name means "Exalted One" and was the first emperor of Rome; built a a stable government and undertook economic reforms |
| census | Reform ordered by Augustus to make the tax system fair; is a population count of the empire |
| Hadrian | influential Roman emperor; codified Roman law, making it the same for all provinces |
| Pax Romana | Period of peace, prosperity and order in Rome and the lands it ruled |
| Virgil | Roman poet who wrote the Aeneid to show that Rome was as heroic as Greece |
| satirize | make fun of |
| mosaic | pictures made from chips of colored stone or glass |
| engineering | application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines |
| aquaducts | bridge-like stone structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities |
| Ptolemy | native Grecian and astronomer-mathematician who proposed the theory that Earth was at the center of the universe |
| messiah | What Jesus was believed to be; means anointed king sent by God |
| apostles | meaning "persons sent forth"; 12 were chosen by Jesus to help him preach his message |
| Paul | missionary who did much to spread Christianity after Jesus was put to death |
| martyrs | people who suffer or die for their beliefs; what Christians became known as when they were persecuted for not obeying Roman practices |
| Constantine | emperor who issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to Roman citizens |
| clergy | those who conduct religious services |
| bishop | a high Church official |
| patriarch | honorary title given to bishops from five important cities who gained more authority |
| popes | the bishops of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops |
| heresies | beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings |
| Augustine | one of several important teachers who helped to define Christian theology; from Hippo in North Africa |
| Diocletian | emperor who set out to restore order; divided the emperor into two parts, appointed a co-emperor to rule the western provinces, and slowed inflation |
| inflation | rapid rise of prices |
| Constantinople | the new capital of the Roman empire, moved by Constantine |
| Huns | nomadic people from Asia |
| mercenaries | foreign soldiers serving for pay |
| Military attacks (essay response) | 1. generals focused on political power lead to untrained legions, 2. the power of the Huns weakened Rome's borders, 3. Rome protected by unloyal, unpatriotic mercenaries leaving the empire vulnerable |
| Political turmoil (essay response) | 1. government more oppressive and authoritarian, 2. corrupt officials led to civil wars over succession to the throne |
| Economic weakness (essay response) | 1. division of the empire left the west poorer than the east, 2. long-term failure of reforms like inflation |
| Social decay (essay response) | 1. the rich didn't care to help the poor 2. lack of loyalty and patriotism by military representatives (mercenaries) |
Created by:
nstag
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