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EHS 2009 JB
Review of all the terms in the Rubenstein school book.
| Question | Answer | Chapter | Page number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement. | 12 | p425 |
| Business Services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses. | 12 | p406 |
| Central Place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area. | 12 | p412 |
| Central Place Theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlement serve as centers of market areas for services; | 12 | p412 |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The area of where retail and office activities are clustered. | 12 | p427 |
| City-State | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. | 8 and 12 | p267 and p419 |
| Clustered Rural Settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. | 12 | p409 |
| Consumer Services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services. | 12 | p405 |
| Dispersed Rural Settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. | 12 | p409 |
| Economic Base | A community's collection of basic industries. | 12 | p425 |
| Enclosure Movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in england during the eighteenth century. | 12 | p412 |
| Gravity Model | A Model that holds that potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. | 12 | p416 |
| Market area (or Hinterland) | The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. | 12 | p412 |
| Nonbasic Industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers int the community. | 12 | p406 |
| Personal Services | Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers. | 12 | p406 |
| Primate City | The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. | 12 | p418 |
| Primate City Rule | A pattern of settlements In a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. | 12 | p418 |
| Producer Services | Services that primarily help people conduct business. | 12 | p406 |
| Public Services | Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. | 12 | p406 |
| Range (of a Service) | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. | 12 | p413 |
| Other characteristics of Central place | Larger settlements are fewer and farther apart then smaller settlements and provide services for larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. | ||
| Acid Deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides,emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and retrun to Earth's surface. | 14 | p491 |
| Acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog. | 14 | p491 |
| Active solar energy systems | Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors. | 14 | p498 |
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. | 10 | p338 |
| Agriculture density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. | 2 | p52 |
| Agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. | 2 | p59 |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | 10 | p333 |
| Air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particules, at greater level than occurs in average air. | 14 | p490 |
| Animate power | Power supplied by people or animals. | 14 | p475 |
| Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 6 | p194 |
| Annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the United States. | 13 | p458 |
| Apartheid | Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. | 7 | P235 |
| Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area. | 2 | p51 |
| Autonomous religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperate informally. | 6 | p212 |
| Balance of power | Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. | 8 | p282 |
| Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. | 7 | P255 |
| Balkanized | A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into ne or more stable states because it was inhabited by may ethnicities with complex, Long-standing antagonisms toward each other. | 7 | P255 |
| Base Line | An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States. | 1 | p12 |
| Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) | Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution. | 14 | p496 |
| Biodiversity | The number of species within a specific habitat. | 14 | p504 |
| Biomass Fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste. | 14 | p475 |
| Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. | 7 | P235 |
| Settlement | A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants. | 12 | p405 |
| boundary | Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory. | 8 | p270 |
| Threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support the service. | 12 | p413 |
| Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people. | 3 | p99 |
| Transportation and Information services | Services that diffuse and distribute services. | 12 | p406 |
| Branch(of a religion) | A large and fundamental division within a religion. | 6 | p187 |
| Break-of-bulk point | A location where transfer is possible from one form of transportation to another. | 11 | P387 |
| Breeder reactor | A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium. | 14 | p485 |
| British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom. | 5 | P152 |
| Bulk-gaining industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. | 11 | P383 |
| Bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. | 11 | P381 |
| Cartography | The science of making maps. | 1 | p6 |
| Caste | The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law. | 6 | P213 |
| Census tract | An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods. | 13 | p446 |
| Census | A complete enumeration of the population. | 2 | p65 |
| Centripetal Force | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted form the surrounding area. | 7 | P239 |
| Cereal Grain | A grass yielding grain for food. | 10 | p347 |
| Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. | 10 | 345 |
| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. | 3 | p98 |
| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers. | 14 | p491 |
| Circulation | Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. | 3 | p85 |
| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. | 8 | p268 |
| Colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. | 8 | p267 |
| Combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field. | 10 | p350 |
| Commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. | 10 | p335 |
| Compact state | A state in which the distance form the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. | 8 | p271 |
| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area. | 1 | p34 |
| Concentric zone model | A model of the internal structure of of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. | 13 | p445 |
| Connections | Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. | 1 | p5 |
| Conservation | The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced. | 14 | p503 |
| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. | 1 | p40 |
| Cosmogony | A set of religions beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. | 6 | P204 |
| Cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. | 11 | P371 |
| Council of Government | A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the U.S. | 13 | p467 |
| Counterurbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. | 3 | p109 |
| Creole or Creolized language | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. | 5 | P162 |
| Crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crops to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. | 10 | p346 |
| Crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. | 10 | p333 |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | The total number of of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. | 2 | p53 |
| crude death Rate | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. | 2 | p53 |
| Cultural ecology | Geographers approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships. | 1 | p25 |
| Cultural landscape | Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. | 1 | p20 |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social force, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition. | 1 | p24 |
| Custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. | 4 | P117 |
| Demographic transition | The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase rate to a condition of low rude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. | 2 | p58 |
| Demography | The scientific study of population characteristics. | 2 | P47 |
| Denomination | A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. | 6 | P187 |
| Density | The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. | 1 | p34 |
| Density gradient | The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery. | 13 | p460 |
| Dependency ratio | The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force. | 2 | p62 |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 10 | p359 |
| Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. | 9 | p299 |
| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. | 5 | p152 |
| Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend form one place to another over time. | 1 | p38 |
| Diocese | The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church. | 6 | P211 |
| Distance decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance form its origin. | 1 | p37 |
| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface. | 1 | p34 |
| Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. | 10 | p345 |
| Doubling time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. | 2 | p54 |
| Ebonics | Dialect spoken by some African-Americans | 5 | p176 |
| Ecumene | The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. | 2 | p50 |
| Elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape. | 8 | p272 |
| Emigration | Migration form a location. | 3 | p85 |
| Edge City | A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area. | 13 | p460 |
| Environmental Determinism | A nineteenth-and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general law sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. | 1 | p25 |
| Epidemiological transition | Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. | 2 | p72 |
| Epidemiology | Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. | 2 | p72 |
| Ethnic cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. | 7 | P250 |
| Ethnic Religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. | 6 | P212 |
| Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. | 7 | P227 |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people form one area to another in a snowballing process. | 1 | `p38 |
| Extinct Language | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but no longer used. | 5 | p171 |
| Federal state | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government. | 8 | p278 |
| Ferrous | Metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel. | 14 | p487 |
| Filtering | A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment. | 13 | p455 |
| Fission | The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy. | 14 | p483 |
| Floodplain | The area subject to folding during a given number of years according to historical trends. | 3 | p87 |
| Folk culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. | 4 | P117 |
| Forced migration | Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors. | 3 | p88 |
| Fordist production | Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to preform repeatedly. | 11 | P392 |
| Formal Region | Formal region an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics. | 1 | p20 |
| Fossil fuel | Energy source formed form the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. | 14 | p476 |
| Fragmented state | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. | 8 | p273 |
| Franglais | A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of Francaise and Anglais, the French words for "French" and "English" respectively. | 5 | p177 |
| Frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state exercise political control. | 8 | p275 |
| Functional region | An area organized around a node or focal point. | 1 | p22 |
| Fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion. | 6 | P212 |
| Fusion | Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to from helium. | 14 | p499 |
| Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) | Compares the ability of woman and men to participate in economic and political decision making. | 9 | p315 |
| Gender-related Development Index (GDI) | Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. | 9 | p315 |
| Gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-ocupied area. | 13 | p456 |
| Geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks. | 14 | p499 |
| Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. | 8 | p280 |
| Ghetto | During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to donate a section of a city in which members of an minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. | 6 | 201 |
| GIS | A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. | 1 | p14 |
| Globalization | Actions or process that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. | 1 | p31 |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers. | 1 | p14 |
| Grain | Seed of a cereal grass. | 10 | p350 |
| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. | 10 | p360 |
| Greenbelt | A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area. | 13 | p461 |
| Greenhouse effect | Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide, trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface. | 14 | p490 |
| Greenwich mean time | The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrease longitude. | 1 | p19 |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period. | 9 | p300 |
| Guest Workers | Workers who migrated to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe,usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs. | 3 | p99 |
| Habit | A repetitive act performed by a particular individual. | 4 | P117 |
| Hearth | The region from which innovative ideas originate. | 1 | p38 |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places. | 1 | p39 |
| Hierarchical Religion | A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. | 6 | P211 |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. | 10 | p354 |
| Hull | The outer covering of a seed. | 10 | p345 |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. | 9 | p299 |
| Hydroelectric power | Power generated from moving water. | 14 | p499 |
| Ideograms | The system of writing used in China and other East Asia countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English. | 5 | p168 |
| Immigration | Migration to a new location. | 3 | p85 |
| Imperialism | Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. | 8 | p268 |
| Inanimate power | Power supplied by machines. | 14 | p475 |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. | 2 and 11 | p59 and p371 |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. | 2 | p55 |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. | 10 | p345 |
| Internal migration | Permanent movement within a particular country. | 3 | p88 |
| International Date Line | An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrease longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. | 1 | P20 |
| International Migration | Permanent movement from one country to another. | 3 | p88 |
| Interregional Migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another. | 3 | p88 |
| Intervening Obstacle | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. | 3 | P88 |
| Intraregional migration | Permanent movement within one region of a country. | 3 | P88 |
| Isoglass | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. | 5 | p155 |
| Isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to and language family. | 5 | p175 |
| Labor-intensive industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses. | 11 | p388 |
| Landlocked state | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. | 8 | p274 |
| Land ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. | 1 | P12 |
| Language | A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. | 5 | p149 |
| Language Branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. | 5 | p156 |
| Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. | 5 | p156 |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammer and vocabulary. | 5 | p157 |
| Latitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator. | 1 | P18 |
| Less Developed country (LDC) | Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in process of economic development. | 9 | p299 |
| Life Expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live. | 2 | p57 |
| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. | 5 | p176 |
| Literacy rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. | 9 | p303 |
| Literary tradition | A language that is written as well as spoken. | 5 | p149 |
| Location | The position of anything on Earth's surface. | 1 | P15 |
| Longitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime maridian. | 1 | P18 |
| Map | A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. | 1 | P5 |
| Maquiladora | Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico. | 11 | p370 |
| Medical Revolution | Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. | 2 | p60 |
| Mental Map | An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. | 1 | P22 |
| Meridian | An arc drawn on a map between the North and South Poles. | 1 | P18 |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city. | 13 | p442 |
| Micropolitan Statistical area | An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city. | 13 | p443 |
| Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small area. | 8 | p266 |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. | 3 | P85 |
| Migration transition | Change in the migration pattern in a society that results form industrilzation, poupulatoin growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. | 3 | P89 |
| Milkshed | The are surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. | 10 | p349 |
| Missionary | An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. | 6 | P197 |
| Mobility | All types of movement form one location to another. | 3 | P89 |
| Monotheism | The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god. | 6 | P194 |
| More Developed Country | Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country or a developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a contnuum of development. | 9 | p299 |
| Multi-ethnic state | State that contains more than one ethnicity. | 7 | P239 |
| Multinational State | State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. | 7 | P239 |
| Multiple nucei model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities. | 13 | p446 |
| Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a paticular nationality. | 7 | P238 |
| Nationality | Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal alleginace to a particular plcae as a result of being born there. | 7 | P237 |
| Nation-state | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. | 7 | P237 |
| Natural increase rate (NIR) | The percentage groth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. | 2 | P53 |
| Net Migration | The ddifference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. | 3 | p85 |
| New international division of labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. | 11 | p398 |
| Nonferrous | Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel. | 14 | p487 |
| Nonrenewable energy | A source of energy that is a finite supply capable o being exhausted. | 14 | p476 |
| Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of buisness and publication of documents. | 5 | p149 |
| Overpopulation | The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the encironment to support life at a decent standard of living. | 2 | p47 |
| Ozone | A gas that absorbs ultaviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilograms (9 to 30 miles) above the earth's surface. | 14 | p491 |
| Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. | 10 | p345 |
| Pagan | A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times. | 6 | P197 |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very hich proportion of population. | 2 | p72 |
| Parallel | A circle drawn around the globe parallel to equator and at right angles to the meridians. | 1 | P18 |
| Pasive solar energy systems | Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical decivices. | 14 | p498 |
| Pastrol Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. | 10 | p343 |
| Pasture | Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. | 10 | p344 |
| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. | 1 | P35 |
| Perforated state | A state that completely surrounds another one. | 8 | p274 |
| Peripheral Model | A model of North America urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. | 13 | p459 |
| Photochemical Smog | An atmospheric conditoin formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions. | 14 | p493 |
| Photovolatic cell | Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to gererate electricity. | 14 | p498 |
| Physiological density | The number of people per unit of area or arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. | 1 and 2 | P34 p52 |
| Pidgin language | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. | 5 | p176 |
| Pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. | 6 | p201 |
| Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. | 1 | P5 |
| Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. | 10 | p355 |
| Polder | Land created by the Dutch By draining water from an area. | 1 | P28 |
| Pollution | Addition of more waste tan a resource can accommodate. | 14 | p489 |
| Polytheism | Belief in or worship of more than one god. | 6 | p194 |
| Popular culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. | 4 | p117 |
| Population Pyrimid | A bar graph representing the distirbution of population by age and sex. | 2 | p62 |
| Possibilism | The theory that the physical encironment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. | 1 | P26 |
| Post-fordist production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks. | 11 | p392 |
| Potential reserve | The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified byt thought to exist. | 14 | p477 |
| Preservation | Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with little human impact as possible. | 14 | p503 |
| Primary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extration of materials form earth's surface, generally through agriculture although sometimes by mining, and fishing, and forestry. | 9 | p300 |
| Prime Agricultrual land | The most produtive farmland. | 10 | p338 |
| Prime Maridian | The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, which passes through the Royal Obserbvation at Greenwich, England. | 1 | P18 |
| Principal Maridian | A norh-south line desiganted in the Land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the U.S. | 1 | P12 |
| Productivity | The value of a particualr product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. | 9 | p302 |
| Projection | The system used to transfer locations form Earth's surface to a flat map. | 1 | P12 |
| Prorupted State | An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. | 8 | p271 |
| Proven reserve | The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits. | 14 | p476 |
| Public Housing | Housing owned by the government, in the U.S. it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set 30 percent of the families' income. | 13 | p445 |
| Pull factors | Factors that induce people to move to a new location. | 3 | P85 |
| Push factors | Factors that induce people to leave old resiences. | 3 | P85 |
| Quota | In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year. | 3 | P99 |
| Race | Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. | 7 | p237 |
| Racism | Belief that the race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. | 7 | p233 |
| Racist | A person who subsrcibes to the beliefs of racism. | 7 | p233 |
| Radioactive waste | Particals from a nuclear reaction that emit radiatioin; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore by safely stored for thousands of years. | 14 | p483 |
| Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. | 10 | p351 |
| Rank-size rule | A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largst settlement is 1.n the population of the largest settlement. | 12 | p416 |
| Reaper | A machine that cuts grain standing in the field. | 10 | p350 |
| Recycling | The separation, collection, processing, marketing and reuse of unwanted material. | 14 | p500 |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. | 13 | p455 |
| Refugees | People who are forced to migrate from their hime country and connot return for fear of persucution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. | 3 | P86 |
| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. | 1 | P5 |
| Regional studies | An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area. | 1 | P20 |
| Relocation diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from on place to another. | 1 | P38 |
| Remote sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other ong distance. | 1 | P14 |
| Renewable energy | A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. | 14 | p476 |
| Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. | 1 and 14 | p26 and 475 |
| Retail services | Services that provide goods for sale to consumers. | 12 | p405 |
| Ridge tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. | 10 | p357 |
| Right-to-work state | A U.S. state has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment. | 11 | p377 |
| Rush Hour | The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic. | 13 | p463 |
| Sanitary landfill | A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and discourage vermin. | 14 | p497 |
| Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice. | 10 | p345 |
| Scale | Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. | 1 | P10 |
| Secondary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. | 9 | p300 |
| Sect | A relatively small group that has broken away from an establised denmination. | 6 | p187 |
| Section | A square normally 1 mile on a side. The land Ordinance of 1785 divided twonships in the U.S. into 36 sections. | 1 | p12 |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district. | 13 | p446 |
| Seed Agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which results from sexual fertiliztation. | 10 | p334 |
| Self-determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. | 7 | p237 |
| Service | Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. | 12 | p405 |
| Sex Ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population. | 2 | p62 |
| Sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays ther rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. | 7 | p231 |
| Shifiting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activily from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. | 10 | p339 |
| Site | The physical character of a place. | 1 | p16 |
| Site factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital. | 11 | p381 |
| Situation | The location of a place relative to other places. | 1 | p16 |
| Situation factors | Location factors related to the transportaion of materials into and from a factory. | 11 | p381 |
| Slash-and-burn agricultrue | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. | 10 | p339 |
| Solstice | Time when the sun is farthes from the equator. | 6 | p206 |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. | 8 | p263 |
| space | The physical gap or interval between two objects. | 1 | p5 |
| Space-time comperssion | The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems. | 1 | p36 |
| Spanglish | Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hidpanic-Americans. | 5 | p179 |
| Sprawl | Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. | 13 | p460 |
| Spring Wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. | 10 | p350 |
| Squatter settlement | An area within the city in a less developed country in which people are illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. | 13 | p454 |
| Standard Language | The form of a language used for official gorvernment business, education, and mass communications. | 5 | p152 |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. | 8 | p263 |
| Stimulus Diffusion | The spread o fan underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected. | 1 | p40 |
| Structural adjustment program | Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencecies to create conditions encouraging internantional trade. | 9 | p325 |
| Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumtion by the farmer and the farmer's family. | 10 | p335 |
| Sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long term prductivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. | 10 | p357 |
| Sustainable Development | The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future gererations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development. | 14 | p503 |
| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. | 10 | p341 |
| Taboo | A retriction on behavior imposed by social customs. | 4 | P125 |
| Tertiary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. | 9 | p301 |
| Textile | A fabric made by weaving used in making clothing. | 11 | 373 |
| Thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. | 10 | P345 |
| Toponym | The name given to a portion of Earth's surface. | 1 | p15 |
| Total Fertitity Rate (TFR) | The average number of childern a women will have throughout her childbearing years. | 2 | p55 |
| Township | A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the U.S. into a series of townships. | 1 | p12 |
| Trading Bloc | A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs. | 11 | p396 |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. | 10 | P344 |
| Transnational corporation | A company that conducts research, operates factroies, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholder are located. | 1 | p31 |
| Triangular slave trade | A parctice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. | 7 | p230 |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. | 10 | P355 |
| Underclass | A group in society pervented from participating in the material benifits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and econmic characteristics. | 13 | p456 |
| Undocumented immigrants | People who enter a country without proper documents. | 3 | P96 |
| Uneven Development | The increasing gap in economic conditions between core peripheral regions as a result of the globaliztion of the economy. | 1 | p40 |
| Unitary State | An internal organization of a state that places most of the power in the hands of the central government. | 8 | p278 |
| Universalizing religion | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular area. | 6 | P187 |
| Urban Renewal | Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and buinesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers. | 13 | p455 |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. | 13 | p439 |
| Urbanized area | In the U.S., a central city plus its contigous built-up suburbs. | 13 | p441 |
| Value Added | The gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy. | 9 | p302 |
| Vegetative planting | Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants. | 10 | P334 |
| Vernacular region | An area that people believe to exist as part of thier cultural identity. | 1 | p22 |
| Voluntary migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice. | 3 | P88 |
| Vulgar Latin | A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for offical documents. | 5 | p161 |
| Wet Rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. | 10 | P345 |
| Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. | 10 | P345 |
| Winter Weat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer. | 10 | P350 |
| Zero Population growth (ZPG) | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. | 2 | p60 |
| Zoning ordinance | A law that limits the permidded uses of land and maximum density of development in a community. | 13 | p462 |
| Smart growth | Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. | 13 | p467 |
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