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Body Book Ch 12
Side B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system | all organs in the endocrine system are glands |
| Exocrine glands | not part of endocrine system; secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity EX: sweat glands |
| Endocrine glands | ductless; produce & secret hormones, chemical substances with regulatory effect on activity of target cells or organs |
| Hormones | endocrine glands secrete chemicals (__________) into the blood |
| Slow long lasting speed | hormones general function of communication & control at a |
| Target cell | hormone binds to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction, this is called a |
| Nonsteroid hormones | (first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering 2nd messengers to affect cell activity |
| Steroid hormones | bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus & influence cell activity by acting on DNA (no second messenger) |
| Hormone receptor complex | target cell nucleus is called |
| Homeostatic feedback | hormone secretion is controlled by |
| Negative feedback | mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in system Ex: eat a meal BS goes up, pancreas releases insulin BS goes down |
| Positive feedback | (uncommon) mechanisms amplify changes Ex: during pregnancy muscle contractions push baby through canal, they get stronger |
| Hypersecretion | secretion of excess hormone |
| Hyposecretion | insufficient hormone secretion |
| Polyendocrine disorders | hyper- or hyposecretion of more than 1 hormone |
| Prostaglandins (PGs) | are powerful substances found in a variety of body tissues |
| Tissue hormone | Prostaglandins (PGs) also known as |
| Respiration, BP, Gastrointestinal, Secretions, & Reproduction | PGs influence many body functions |
| Pituitary gland | 2 parts located in cranial cavity; size of a pea |
| Anterior pituitary | Adenohypophysis |
| Adeno | gland |
| Pituitary gland | TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), GH (Growth hormone), & Lactogenic Hormone are major hormones of the |
| TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) | stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secret thyroid hormone |
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) | produced in pituitary, stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex & stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids |
| FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) | initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month, begins development of the eggs in ovary |
| LH (Luteinizing hormone) | acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion & follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation, called ovulation hormone |
| Giganitism | hypersecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during childhood can cause |
| Acromegaly | hypersecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during adulthood causes |
| Dwarfism | hyposecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during childhood results in |
| PL (Prolactin) | stimulate breast development during pregnancy & secretion after delivery |
| Posterior pituitary gland | ADH (Antidiuretic hormone), OT (Oxytocin), & Aldosterone are hormones of the |
| ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) | accelerates water retention decreases urine |
| Diabetes insipidus | Hyposecretion of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) causes __________, characterized by excessive volume of urine |
| OT (Oxytocin) | stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract, releases breast milk into ducts (milk let down) |
| Hypothalamus | OT (Oxytocin) is PRODUCED by |
| Aldosterone | DECREASES URINE; is a mineralocorticoid |
| ANH | increases urine |
| Hypothalamus | actual production of ADH & Oxytocin occurs in __________, released by posterior pituitary |
| Brain structure | hypothalamus is actually a __________, but influences endocrine functions |
| Temperature, appetite, & thirst | hypothalamus controls many body functions related to homeostasis, such as |
| Thyroid | gland that STORES a considerable amount of hormone |
| Thyroid gland | |
| contain 3 atoms of iodine | |
| Catabolism | thyroid hormones accelerate |
| Metabolic rate | thyroid hormones increases body |
| Calcitonin (CT) | produced by thyroid; decreases the blood calcium concentration (decreases calcium); prevents hypercalcemia |
| has more target cells than ADH | |
| Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thyroid gland hormones |
| Hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones |
| Goiters | painless enlargement of thyroid caused by deficiency of iodine |
| Graves disease | inherited form of hypothyroidism |
| Retardation | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones during early development can cause |
| Myxedema | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones in adulthood can cause |
| Different | myxedema & Graves disease has __________ causes |
| Parathyroid gland | PTH is a hormone of the |
| Neck | Parathyroid gland is located in the |
| Adrenal cortex | GCs(Glucocorticoids: Cortisol & Hydrocortisone), MCs (Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone) & Sex hormones of the |
| Glucocorticoids | help maintain normal glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis (increasing glucose level) also helps maintain BP & acts as inflammatory |
| Mineralocorticoids | increase blood sodium & decrease potassium EX: Aldosterone |
| Adrenal Medulla | Epi (Epinephrine) or adrenaline & NR (norepinephrine) are hormones of the |
| Stress | adrenal medulla hormones help the body resist |
| Sympathetic nervous system | adrenal medulla reinforces the effects of __________. (Your fight or flight response) |
| Pancreatic Islets | Glucagon & Insulin are hormones of the |
| Glucagon | increases BS level |
| Insulin | decreases BS |
| Antagonists | Glucagon & insulin are __________ of each other |
| Type 1 | diabetes mellitus type from HYPOSECRETION of insulin; previously called IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) or juvenile-onset diabetes |
| Type 2 | diabetes mellitus type from target cell INSENSITIVITY to insulin; previously called NIDDM ( noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or AODM (adult-onset diabetes) |
| Cellular | diabetes mellitus type 2 is a __________ problem |
| Ovaries | secrete hormones, effects estrogen |
| Estrogen | development of breasts & menstrual cycle |
| Testosterone | interstitial cells of the testes secrete this male hormone; development, beard growth, changes voice during puberty |
| Thymus | produces hormone thymosin |
| Thymosin | plays important role in development of immune system |
| Mediastinum | thymus is located in the __________ NOT THE NECK |
| Cortex & Medulla | thymus is composed of a |
| Placenta | functions as an endocrine gland temporarily during labor |
| Estrogen & Progesterone | the hormones __________ maintain the pregnancy |
| Pregnancy | the hormones released by placenta help detect |
| pineal | small gland near roof of the third ventricle of the brain |
| Melatonin | pineal gland secretes; inhibits ovarian activity & REGULATES the body's internal clock |
| Tropic hormones | stimulate other endocrine glands |
| No insulin is produced | type 1 diabetes mellitus cause: the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed & eventually |
| Resistance of body cells to the action of insulin | type 2 diabetes mellitus cause which may eventually lead to a decrease in insulin secretion |
Created by:
Stacey_Gantt5
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