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Module 6
EKG -- Chapter 15 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The heart is located here | Media Stinum |
| How many chambers in the heart? | Four |
| How many layers in the heart? | Three |
| Epicardium | Outermost layer of the heart |
| Endocardium | Innermost layer of the heart |
| Myocardium | Middle layer of the heart |
| Pericardium (not an actual layer) | Sac surrounding the heart |
| Pericardial fluid | Gel-like fluid within the pericardium |
| What divides the heart into left and right sides? | Septum |
| What are the two upper chambers of the heart? | Atria (plural); Atrium (singular) |
| What are the two lower chambers of the heart? | Ventricles |
| Atria function as | Receiving chambers |
| Ventricles function as | Pumping chambers |
| How many valves are in the heart? | Four |
| Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? | Bicuspid/Mitral valve |
| Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle? | Tricuspid |
| Which valve separates right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries? | Pulmonic valve |
| Which valve separates left ventricle from the aorta? | Aortic valve |
| What are the two types of myocardial cells? | Mechanical and electrical |
| What are electrical cardiac cells responsible for? | Impulse formation and conduction (relaying impulses) |
| What are mechanical cardiac cells responsible for? | Contraction and relaxation of the heart |
| What phase are myocardial cells in when at rest? | Polarization phase |
| When the ions are moving what phase are the myocardial cells in? | Depolarization phase |
| When ions in the myocardial cells are returning to the resting state what phase is this? | Repolarization phase |
| When can cardiac cells not be stimulated by an electrical impulse and happens microseconds after repolarization? | Refractory phase (aka period of rest between 2 cardiac cycles) |
| When the heart is contracting, which phase is this? | Pumping, contracting or systole |
| When the heart is resting, which phase is this? | Relaxation, refilling or diastole |
| Which unique property allows a myocardial cell to initiate and maintain rhythmic heart activity automatically? | Automaticity |
| Which unique property allows a myocardial cell to RELAY an impulse to a neighboring cell? | Conductivity |
| Which unique property allows a myocardial cell to RESPOND to an impulse? | Excitability |
| Which unique property allows a myocardial cell to RESPOND to an impulse with a PUMPING ACTION? | Contractility |
| What is the natural/primary pacemaker called? | SA Node (sinoatrial node) |
| What is the inherent heart rate of the SA node? | 60-100 bpm (normal range) |
| What is the job of the SA node? | As the primary pacemaker of the heart is responsible for setting and keeping normal heart rhythm |
| What is the gatekeeper called? | AV Node (atrioventricular node) |
| What is the job of the AV node? | Prevent passage of abnormal impulses into the ventricles; also acts as back up pacemaker |
| What is the inherent heart rate of the AV Node? | 40-60 bpm (low range) |
| Where is the AV Node located? | Lower right atrium |
| From where is the impulse first initiated? | From the SA node |
| Where is the impulse sent from the SA node? | To the AV node |
| Where is the impulse sent after passing through the AV Node? | Bundle of His |
| Where is the impulse sent after passing through the Bundle of His? | Lt and Rt bundle branches (LBB;RBB) |
| Where is the impulse sent after passing through the LBB and RBB? | Purkinje fibres |
| What is the inherent heart rate of the Purkinje fibres? | 20-40 bpm; also acts as a 2nd back up to the SA and AV nodes but heart cannot survive at this rate for long |
| Once the impulse reaches the Purkinje fibres, does the impulse travel back to the SA node or die off? | Impulse dies off and another impulse is generated from the SA node to repeat the process |
| What does depolarization cause? | Contraction |
| Oxygen poor blood is called | Deoxygenated blood |
| Which are the largest veins in the body? | Inferior and Superior Vena Cava (IVC; SVC) |
| Deoxygenated blood enters the IVC and SVC and is received into the | Right Atrium (RA) |
| From the RA blood flows through the | Tricuspid Valve |
| From the Tricuspid valve blood flows to the | Right Ventricle (RV) |
| From the RV blood is pumped through the | Pulmonic valve |
| From the Pulmonic valve the blood is sent out of the heart via the | Pulmonary arteries |
| From the Pulmonary arteries blood is returned to the | Lungs |
| Oxygen rich blood is pumped from the lungs to the | Pulmonary veins |
| From the Pulmonary veins blood is received into the | Left Atrium (LA) |
| From the Left atrium blood flows through the | Bicuspid Valve (mitral) |
| From the Bicuspid valve blood flows to the | Left Ventricle (LV) |
| From the Left ventricle blood is pumped through the | Aortic valve |
| From the Aortic valve the blood is sent out of the heart via the | Aorta |
| From the Aorta blood is returned to the | Body |
| What cells present in the lungs are responsible for taking in O2 and removing CO2? | Alveoli |
| What is the Apex of the heart? | Lower portion of the heart made up primarily of the left ventricle |
| What is the Base of the heart? | Upper portion of the heart; contains large vessels (Pulmonary Arteries and Aorta) |
| Where is 2/3 of the heart positioned? | Left side of the body |
| Where is 1/3 of the heart positioned? | Right side of the body |
| Which is the most important and largest chamber of the heart? | Left ventricle because it is responsible for pumping blood to the entire body |
| What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? | Prevent backflow |
| Atrioventricular valves (AV valves) | Tricuspid and Bicuspid/mitral valves |
| Semilunar valves (SL valves) | Pulmonic and Aortic valves |
| Electrocardiogram (EKG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Conduction System | The number of times the heart beats in one minute |
| What purpose does the impulse have in the conduction system? | As it reaches an area of the heart it tells that portion to contract |
| Why is there a 1/10 of a second delay before the impulse is relayed beyond the AV node? | This fraction in time allows for the atria to empty before the ventricle contracts; valves close after the delay and prevent backflow |
| If Atrioventricular valves are opened what valves must be closed? | Semilunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonic valves) |
| If Semilunar valves are open what valves must be closed? | Atrioventricular valves (Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves) |
| What holds the valves in place? | Chordae tendons and Papillary muscles |
| What is the movement of charged particles (ions) across the cell membrane, resulting in polarization or depolarization called? | Action Potential |
| In a normal state of Polarization (resting) there are | More + Ions outside the cell and more - ions inside the cell |
| In a normal state of Depolarization (contracting) there are | More - Ions outside the cell and more + ions inside the cell |
| What is the baseline that represents no electrical activity called? | Isoelectric line (aka flat line as in polarization) |
| A deflection away from the base line either up or down would be called? | Wave (up is + and down is -) |
| Small gap between two waves that shows no electrical activity is called? | Segment |
| A time period that consists of one wave and one segment is called? | Interval |
| Two or more waves together form? | Complex (QRS Complex) |
| One cardiac cycle = | One heartbeat |
| One heartbeat = | One systole + one diastole |
| What conditions can be diagnosed using an EKG machine? | Arrhythmia, MI, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, confirm functionality of an external pacemaker |
Created by:
monkmaroni
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