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Anthropology 468 L2
Humans are Apes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Altricial | referring to an infant born helpless such as humans, chimps etc. |
| Analogous tratits | traits in different species that have similar function but different evolutionary history. ie bird wings and butterfly wings are analogous traits, because they evolved separately and involve different anatomical features. |
| Arboreal | living in trees. |
| Bipedal | standing upright on two feet. |
| Brachiation | a form of locomotion where an animal hangs below tree branches and swings from branch to branch. |
| Diurnal | active in the day light |
| Derived traits | traits that are considerably altered from their ancestral condition, ie human feet are derived from apes feet, which are capable of grasping objects. Derived traits are useful in determining the relationship between species. |
| Estrus | a period with observable signs of ovulation often involving swelling of the genital region in primates |
| Fission-fusion social organization | type of social organization among chimps, bonobos and some human groups in which a large group temporarily splits up in to smaller subgroups for a period of time usually for purposes of foraging. |
| infanticide | killing of infant |
| Inter-birth interval | the time between the birth of one infant and its next sibling |
| knuckle walking | form of quadrupedal locomotion in gorillas and chimps in which the fore-limbs support some of the body's weight and the animal walks on its knuckles. |
| Linear dominance | a form of dominance where each individual fits into a clear hierarchy, where "A" dominates "B" and "B" dominates "C" and "C" dominates "D" etc. |
| Matrifocal unit | a social group among bonobos in which an adult female is the central figure usually comprised of an adult female her adult sons and juvenile offspring |
| Multi-male group | a type of social organization in which multiple males live with multiple females and compete for access to mates. |
| Nocturnal | active at night-time |
| Omnivore | animal that eats several types of food |
| One male unit (OMU) | a type of social organization with one male and multiple females as the basic unit, sometimes in the context of an hierarchy of social units. |
| Polyandry | mating system where one female has at least two long-term simultaneous mates. |
| Pehesile | able to grasp. Most primates have prehensile feet. Some New World Monkeys have prehensile tails. |
| Primitive traits | traits that retain their original characteristics such as finger nails in humans are because they are a trait that helps to define the entire primate order. Almost all primates have fingernails, those without them have a derived trait. |
| Quadrumanual clambering | a form of locomotion where an animal slowly and deliberately moves from branch to branch by grasping with hands and prehensile feet. |
| Quadrupedal | walking on all four limbs. |
| Rhinarium | wet area at the tip of the nose (like a dog) that aids in smelling things. |
| Silver back | fully mature male gorilla with a gray "saddle" area on his back. |
| Stereoscopic vision | When the visual field of each eye overlaps allowing depth perception. Animals with eyes on the front of their head facing in more of less the same direction (like humans owls cats etc.). |
| Taxonomy | a system of classifying organisms by morphology and genetic relationships |
| Vertical clinging & leaping (VCL) | an arboreal form of locomotion involving an upright posture, powerful hind legs and relatively small arms or fore legs. These animals leap from tree branch to tree branch. Characteristics of some lemur species. |
| Placental mammals | the vertebrate group, including humans, that have a head with paired eyes, ears nostrils, a mouth, a brain, internal organs, internal skeleton, fur, paired nipples, paired arms & legs, males have penis & testes, females have vagina, ovaries and a uterus. |
| Key innovations that are ubiquitous across placental mammals | internal fertilization, viviparity (birth to live young), long gestation (long pregnancy of larger well-developed babies), lactation (efficient way to feed offspring at a high energetic cost to the mother), maternal care of offspring at lest till weaning. |
| Oviparous species | animals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. |
| Characteristics of Primates | grasping hands, opposable big toe in most species, flat fingernails instead of claws, locomotion usually hind limb dominated, reduced sense of smell, stereoscopic color vision, small litters, long pregnancy, large brain for body size, unspecialized teet. |
| Great apes (gorillas, orangutans, chimps, bonobos and all humans ALL share | Extended life history, delayed maturation, long lifespan, lack of tail, loose shoulder girdle for branchiation, relatively large body size, large brain/body size |
| Great apes have (not humans) | Diverse social and mating systems, different locomotion than human, different brain size (chimps 3 times smaller than modern human), shorter lifespan than humans, Enlarged breast only during lactation, obvious visual estrus |
Created by:
DavisWSU
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