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World History
Quarter 4 Final Review Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How did colonial powers in the 19c harm their colonies? | Discrimination and poor treatment of native people, high taxes, low wages |
| Who was the colony of Singapore established by? | Great Britain |
| What was a major goal of Dr. Livingston? | Open up central Africa to Europe through a river |
| What country seized Cape Town and the surrounding lands from the Dutch? | Great Britain |
| What Indian industry did the British damage during their colonial reign? | Textiles |
| How did Indian tax collectors exploit the Indian people? | Increased taxes |
| How did Europeans view imperialism as a moral responsibility? Hint: Explain the White Man’s Burden and its effects on colonization. | Europeans were morally obligated to “civilize” the native people of the their colonies |
| Explain the concept of Cape to Cairo. | Connect Africa by rail and communications |
| What were colonial powers looking to gain from their colonies? | Raw materials |
| Unlike the French, how did the British prefer to rule over their colonies? | Direct Rule |
| Why was Egypt so strategically important to the British? | Connects Se Asia through the Suez Canal and the Red Sea |
| Explain the life of Africans under European rule. | Discrimination, hard work in dangerous jobs, high taxes, little to no say in government |
| What was the role of King Leopold in the devastation of the Congo? | He enslaved natives and created various rival factions, created a child army, depleted the natural resources, did not bring any of the modern advancements of Europe to the Congo (medicine, shools) |
| How did the Congolese lose control of their land to the Belgians? | They were tricked and forced to sign land treaties without fair and proper knowledge |
| What did Western nations hope to gain by establishing new colonies after 1880? | Power and influence, raw goods, territory |
| What was the Berlin Conference? | Meeting of European powers to determine the rules to colonize Africa and which country will control specific territories across Africa |
| What role did the Industrial Revolution play in colonization? | It fueled the need for raw materials |
| Why did Japan decide to pursue imperialist policies? | It was small and needed resources |
| What was the Qing dynasty's self-strengthening policy? | Adopt Western education and technology but keep Confucian values |
| What changed under the reign of Emperor Mutsuhito in Japan? | Japan became modern, the feudal system went away, called the Meiji Restoration |
| Why did the United States propose the Open Door policy toward China? | The United States wanted the same access to China as other nations |
| The Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the West as well as by what other issues? | Internal issues, rebellions, food shortages and economic problems |
| What was the Boxer Rebellion and who was involved? | The Boxer rebellion occurred when “Boxers” secret society members killed foreigners and missionaries |
| What were the agreements made in the Treaty of Nanjing and with whom? | China gives up Hong Kong to Britain as a result of the Opium Wars |
| What was the long-standing foreign policy that both China and Japan adhered to? | Isolationism |
| Why did Britain trade opium in China? How did the Opium trade lead to the Opium Wars? | To even out the balance of trade. China enforced restrictions on Opium and Britain went to war |
| How did foreign countries establish spheres of influence in China? | Foreign nations would work with local warlords rather than the Qing government |
| What was the Taiping Rebellion? | A peasant rebellion over economic problems led by Hong Xiuquan |
| Why were tensions heightened among countries in Europe after 1900? | Countries were forming alliances and mobilizing for war, nationalism |
| What did inflation and unemployment in Germany during the Great Depression pave the way for? | Authoritarian leaders-the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party |
| How was the war effort on the Western Front characterized? Eastern Front? | Western-trench warfare and stalemate East-mobility, high casualties, especially Russia |
| How did Serbia anger Austria-Hungary? | By not handing over terrorist group the Black Hand after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife |
| How did industrialization in Europe affect their militaries? | New weapons and technology, old battle tactics |
| What is total war? | Involving the complete mobilization of resources and people-affects lives of all citizens |
| How was Russia unprepared for war? | Incompetent leaders and not enough weapons, poor infrastructure |
| What events occurred after Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne? | Russia’s civil war |
| Why did Civil war break out in Russia after World War I? | Bolsheviks wanted to institute communism and loyalists, land-owners, the church and others were opposed |
| What was a result of the February Revolution in Russia? | Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne |
| What were the legacies of World War I? | The breakup of many empires (Ottoman, Austria-Hungary) |
| Which nations were the first to get involved in the initial conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary? | Russia and Germany |
| What was the purpose of Stalin’s Five-Year Plan? | To modernize Russia and increase its industrial output |
| Who were the Bolsheviks? Mensheviks? | The Bolsheviks were the radical communists led by Lenin -the Mensheviks were politically moderate |
| What is fascism? | The belief that a strong authoritarian government is best/dictator |
| Describe the role Karl Marx and his Communist Manifesto played in the Russian Revolution. | Karl Marx’s vision of “pure communism” inspired the leaders of the revolution to establish a communist government in Russia. Marx’s vision of communism was not achieved |
| What was Lenin’s role in the Russian Revolution? | He was the leader of the Bolsheviks and the first communist leader of the Soviet Union |
| How did India try to gain independence from the British? | Political organizing (INC), civil disobedience, boycotts, protests |
| What was the goal of the Indian National Congress? | Through peaceful means, achieve eventual self-rule |
| What was the British influence on India? | British customs and culture influenced India, their institutionsinfluenced itspolitical and economic development |
| Who was Jawaharlal Nehru and who supported him? | Member of Indian National Congress, fought for secular, independent India, first prime minister of India |
| What is civil disobedience? | Not obeying an unjust law |
| What is the doctrine of Ahimsa? | Reverence for all life/non-violence |
| Explain the idea of home-rule. | The political institutions should be controlled by the native people of the nation |
| What was the partition of 1947? | After Indian independence, violence between Hindus and Muslims led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan |
| Define Nationalism and how it was used in India to push for home-rule. | Political nationalism- The political institutions should be controlled by the native people of the nation Economic nationalism- the economic systems of a nation should benefit the people of that nation |
| How did Mohandas Gandhi protest British laws? | By boycotting British products |
| How did the Amritsar massacre affect the movement for Indian independence? | The massacre of 400 innocents led people to demand immediate self-rule and for the British to leave |
| Why did the Nationalists and the Communists form an alliance in China in 1923? | To defeat the imperialists, the local warlords and the Japanese |
| Who was the group that supported Mao Zedong after the Chinese revolution? | The peasants |
| The Great Leap Forward was the communist’s attempt to modernize China. What did the government have society focus on? | Steel production and farming |
| Which ethnic group was a victim of genocide by the Ottoman Turks? | Armenians |
| What was Chiang Kai-shek’s “New Life Movement”? | To embrace and teach traditional Confucian ideals, but reject Western capitalism |
| Explain both The Great Leap Forward. Be sure to describe three reasons for why it was a disaster. | The Great Leap Forward was an attempt to modernize and industrialize China. Mao encouraged everyone to produce steel. This led to food shortages and famine where 20 million died |
| Explain The Cultural Revolution. | The Cultural Revolution was an attempt to modernize Chinese culture. It relied on young people to police the “old” institutions-schools, jobs, parents, culture |
| What was the Long March? | Communist troops retreating across China to escape the Nationalist Army |
| Who was Chiang Kai-shek and who supported him? | Leader of the Nationalist party- anti-communist |
| Who was Mao Zedong and who supported him? | Leader of the Communist Party. Supported by the peasants and Red Guard |
| Who did Mao believe would drive the Chinese revolution? | Peasants |
| Who was the Red Guard? | Disillusioned young people who policed their communities for people who represented the “4 olds” |
| What was The Marshall Plan designed to do? | The United States would provide money to re-build Europe and Japan |
| Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become rivals after WWII? | Each wanted to be the most influential world power and each had competing political philosophy and world view (communism vs. democracy) |
| What is the policy on containment? | To stop the spread of communism |
| Who was the communist leader that led troops to a victory during the Chinese civil war? | Mao Zedong |
| What was the Truman Doctrine designed to do? | Provided money to countries that felt threatened by communism |
| Describe how proxy wars were used in the Cold War. Be specific in regards to Guatemala, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. | Answers will vary |
| What was the Arms Race? | Both the US and Soviet Union stockpiled weapons in order to have more than the other |
| What was COMECON? | Soviet response to the Marshall Plan. Aid to Eastern Europe in the form of railroads, pipelines, and power grids |
| How was the Cuban Missile Crisis tied to the Cold War? | Soviets used Cuba for its proximity to the United States. Soviets could launch a missile that would reach the United States from Cuba |
| Israel-Palestine, South Africa and Rwanda... What are settlements? | Jewish homes and developments inside Palestine |
| Why do Jews claim the land? Why do Arabs? | Israel-God gave them the land, were there first, sacred sites Arabs-There the longest, sacred sites, not included during partition talks with UN-so Israel not legit |
| What is Hamas? | The elected government of the Gaza Strip, considered a terrorist organization by Israel and US |
| What is Zionism? | The belief and political movement that the Jews deserve a homeland-specifically Israel |
| What European country colonized South Africa? | The Dutch |
| What was apartheid? | The Dutch laws and government of South Africa that included legal segregation |
| What type of laws existed under apartheid? | No intermarriage-Separate public facilities-South Africans stripped of their citizenship and forced to relocate in homelands-no representation in government-white only jobs |
| Where were all black South Africans forced to live? | Homelands |
| Who was elected president in the first multi-racial elections in South Africa in 1994? | Nelson Mandela |
| What did the Rugby World Cup win symbolize? | That blacks and whites could live together peacefully |
| Why did black South Africans have to carry passbooks? | As a way for the apartheid government to control the black population |
| Which European country was responsible for colonizing Rwanda? | Belgium |
| What was the interhamwe? How did they spread their message? | Hutu militia group that carried out the genocide against the Tutsi. Radio |
| What was the US response to Rwanda? | Nothing. It was not technically labeled a genocide by the US government |
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