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APHuG Unit 5 Vocab
Agriculture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agriculture | the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock |
| Carl Sauer | cultural geographer who identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred |
| vegetative planting | reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots |
| seed agriculture | reproducing plants from annual application of seeds |
| subsistence agriculture | agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer's family or local consumption |
| commercial agriculture | agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| agribusiness | commercial agriculture where large corporations control different aspects of food production thus creating larger networks and using more technology |
| 1st Agricultural Revolution | the transition from hunting and gathering to plant domestication and animal domestication about 10,000 years ago |
| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | a movement which coincided with the Industrial Revolution where farmers developed new techniques of farming and used new tools--still relied on animal power, but production dramatically increased |
| 3rd Agricultural Revolution | 20th century revolution with three key elements: mechanization, bio-technology, and integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary activites |
| Green Revolution | the diffusion of Western agriculture knowledge and technology to Mexico and Asia designed to increase food production through hybrid seeds and new methods |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | form of farming where farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land and all possible farm land is used |
| shifting cultivaiton | usually takes place in tropical forest, vegetation is cleared and land is used for crops for a few years, then left for 20+ years when soil nutrients are used up |
| swidden | the patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning under shifting cultivation |
| pastoral nomadism | form of subsistence agriculture based on herding as land used for grazing |
| transhumance | the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures |
| clustered rural settlements | a rural settlement in which the houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
| dispersed rural settlements | rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
| enclosure movement | the process of consolidating small landholdings into a few larger farms in England during the eighteenth century which helps start the 2nd Agricultural Revolution |
| Von Thunen's model | explains and predicts commercial agricultural land use with more intensive land uses closer to the market place and more extensive land farther from the market |
| milkshed | ring surrounding a city from which milk can by supplied without spoiling |
| commercial grain farming | a form of farming where a cereal crop is grown for profit |
| double cropping | harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| luxury crops | non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco |
| plantation | a large piece of agricultural land devoted to the production of a single export crop, often a luxury crop |
| truck farming | also know as market gardening; a form of commercial agricultural specializing in growing vegetables for the market |
Created by:
alicemb00
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