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APHuG Unit 3 Vocab
Culture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| culture | beliefs, customs, art and traditions that make up the way of life by a specific group of people |
| cultural trait | a tradition practice that members of a particular society follow routinely and is widely-accepted |
| cultural landscape | the human imprint on the physical environment |
| material culture | what we see: the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture |
| nonmaterial culture | what we feel: the ideas, beliefs and values that define a group of people, or a culture |
| cultural complex | a combination of different traits that define a particular group of people or culture |
| folk culture | traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups |
| local culture | a group of homogeneous people in a particular place who see themselves as a community, with a shared cultural complex |
| popular culture | a widespread spread of culture or a cultural trait incorporating a large, heterogeneous population |
| globalization | the spread of popular culture through a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations |
| placelessness | the loss of uniqueness of place, due to globalization in the cultural landscape so that all places look the same |
| commodification | the marketing of culture or cultural traits by selling products from a local culture to the world |
| authenticity | the idea that a group of people claim to be "the real deal" in terms of a cultural trait or traits in order to market a place as a real local culture |
| folk-housing regions | a region in which a specific unique type of housing develops usually using local materials and built to deal with specific local environments |
| gendered | places that are designed for men only or women only |
| sexism | attitudes or behavior which limit women's opportunities and are based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles |
| glass ceiling | a metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions |
| informal labor | labor that is not officially recognized and receives no salary, ex. work around the house; non-recognition of these jobs often make women look less valuable |
| dowry deaths | cases when the bride is brutally beat or killed for her father's failure to fulfill the marriage agreement or payment--commonly associated with India |
| sex trafficking | the trade in humans, mostly young women, for the purposed of sexual slavery, forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation |
| gender inequality index | a measure created by the UN that looks at gender disparities in education, health, government positions, etc. |
| gender detection tests | tests used to determine the sex of a fetus--used to abort girl fetuses in countries with a male preference |
| sexuality and space | where people with a shared sexual identity cluster and how they create a space for themselves |
| heteronormative | cultural belief which assumes that heterosexuality is the norm and normal |
| queer theory | a body of research findings that challenge the heterosexual bias in society |
| identity | how people see themselves in various arenas and scales |
| race | a socially constructed identity that separates people based on skin color or other physical attributes |
| ethnicity | a social division based on national origin, religion, language, or other cultural traits |
| racism | the concept of superiority attached to race |
| social Darwinism | the theory from the 1870s that claimed certain races were more evolved, thus justifying the racial superiority ideas and imperialist policies |
| residential segregation | the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment |
| invasion and succession | process by which new immigrants move to a new city and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups |
| sequent occupance | the idea that each culture or successive societies in an area leave their material culture on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape |
| model minority | a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimmination |
| Apartied | political system of strict segregation by race previously in effect in South Africa |
| Jim Crow | law designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites |
| De Jure segregation | racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies |
| De Facto segregation | racial segregation that occurs in areas, not as a result of law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement |
| white flight | working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to suburbs |
| acculturation | the modification of social patterns, traits, or structures of one group of society by contact with those of another, but original group keeps some characteristics |
| assimilation | a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs completely |
| cultural appropriation | the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit often commodifying certain traits |
| cultural hearth | a center where culture developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward |
| neolocalism | creating a local culture or restoring a local culture in response to the uncertainty of the modern world |
| ethnic enclaves | areas or neighborhoods within cities that are homogeneous in their ethnic makeup, and are usually surrounded by different ethnic groups |
| monotheistic religion | a belief in one god or supreme being: Judaism, Christianity, Islam |
| polytheistic religion | belief system with multiple gods or supreme beings: Ancient Greeks and Romans |
| universalizing religion | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location; seeks new converts |
| ethnic religion | religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or cultural group in a concentrated geographic area and that does not seek new converts |
| animistic religion | the belief that souls or spirits exist no only in humans but also in all other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features, etc. |
| secularism | indifference to or rejection of religion and religious considerations |
| sacred sites | place with extremely deep religious meaning; often something divine or otherworldly happened there |
| pilgrimage | a voyage to a place considered sacred for religious purposes; Muslims often make pilgrimages to Mecca |
| religious fundamentalism | religious movement which seeks a return to the basic foundations and guiding principles of the religion |
| religious extremism | violent religious movement by some strict fundamentalists who seek to restore principles by any means necessary |
| interfaith boundaries | boundaries between different religions; often are fault lines where conflict between two religions could occur |
| intrafaith boundaries | boundaries within a religion (ex. Catholic and Protestant); these boundaries can be marred with conflict |
| genocide | deliberate attempt to destroy a racial or cultural group through mass killing |
| religious branches | a division of a major religion |
| religious denominations | a subcategory of religions within a branch |
| language | the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way |
| language divergence | occurs when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of language breaks the language into dialects and then eventually new languages |
| language convergence | the blending of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages |
| Lingua Franca | a common agreed language of business in an area where people speak different languages; ex. English |
| pidgin language | a basic trade language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of several languages of different people in order to trade |
| creole language | a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary base and becomes the native language of a group of people |
| backward reconstruction | a technique used to track sound shifts back toward an original language |
| deep reconstruction | technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to recreate the language that proceeded the extinct language |
| extinct language | a dead language that was once used but has no native speakers who use it daily as a first language |
| isolated language | a language that can't be traced back to other languages and language families through backwards reconstruction--often found in remote places in the world |
| Proto-Indo-European language | the idea of the existence of an ancestral language that connects Latin, Greek and Sanskrit together |
| Nostratic | the idea of the existence of an ancestral language that connects Indo-European languages to other language families |
| conquest theory | the belief that from a Kurgan hearth, early Proto-Indo-European speakers diffused outward on horseback to Europe and to India, overpowering the original inhabitants |
| agricultural theory | farming people of Anatolia moved slowly westward and north into Europe spreading the Proto-Indo-European language |
| standard language | the "form" of a language with specific grammar rules and word choice that is used for official stuff--"textbook" English, French, etc. |
| official language | the actual language(s) adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
| mutual intelligibility | the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking |
| dialects | local or regional characteristics of a language with pronunciation differences and a distinctive grammar and vocabulary |
| isogloss | a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between different accents, word choices, or other linguistic features |
| language superfamily | the concept that language families have a common root in the very distant past--debated by linguists |
| language families | groups of languages with a shared origin but fairly distant origin--agreed upon by linguists |
| language branch | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago, aka language subfamily |
| language group | a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past |
| toponym | the name given to a portion of Earth's surface |
| monolingual state | countries in which only one language is spoken |
| language conflict | usually occurs when two languages compete for status in a reigon; in Canada, English and French |
| multilingual states | countries in which more than one language is in use |
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alicemb00
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