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WH C 12: Absolutism
World History C 12: Absolutism and Revolution in Europe
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolute monarch | a king or queen with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
| divine right | a belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
| mercenary | a soldier serving in a foreign army for pay |
| autocratic | a ruler who has unlimited powers |
| port | a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload, especially one where customs officers are stationed |
| partition | to divide up (in this case land) |
| westernization | the copying of ideas, cultural norms, and technology from countries in Europe and North America by other countries |
| depopulation | the decrease of numbers of people living in a certain area |
| dissenters | people that disagree with the policies or laws of a leader or country |
| constitutional government | a type of government whose power is defined and limited by law |
| cabinet | advisors to the ruler; the term originally meant the advisors from parliament (similar to our Congress) who met with their king in a small room known as a "cabinet" |
| prime minister | the head of the cabinet, eventually this position became the top government official of England and other countries, having more power than the monarchs in these countries |
| oligarchy (review word) | power to run the country is held by a relatively small group of people |
| natural law | a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct; an observable law relating to natural phenomena |
| social contract | an agreement between people and their leader. The citizens willingly give up their freedom in exchange for strong leadership that brings order and organization to a society |
| natural rights | rights that some people believe all humans are entitled to from birth because they are human beings such as life, liberty and the right to own property |
| philosophy | the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, truth, right and wrong, religion, and the nature and meaning of life |
| rococo | (of furniture or architecture) of or characterized by an elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe, with asymmetrical patterns involving motifs and scrollwork |
| laizzez-faire | a doctrine (way of thinking) opposing governmental interference in economic affairs - this way of thinking believes that the government helps the economy best by NOT making laws that protect consumers or interfere with how a business can conduct its work |
| free market | the natural forces of supply and demand are allowed to determine the success of a business; an economic market operating by free competition,the government DOESN'T try make the competition equal through laws instead businesses compete for profits |
| salon | informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers and other intellectuals discussed ideas related to the arts, government structure, philosophy, science, literature, etc., |
| baroque | a very decorative and fancy (ornate) style of art and architecture popular in the 1600 and 1700s in Europe |
| logic | reasoned (thought through thoroughly) and reasonable judgment |
| enlightened despot | an absolute ruler who used his/her power to bring about political and social change |
| popular sovereignty | basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power & government can exist only with the consent of the people governed |
| federal republic | government in which power is divided between the national (federal) government and the states |
| checks and balances | counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country ( the downside is that people can blindly follow corrupt leaders of nationalism without questioning the things they are told by the state which can lead to violent behavior towards minority groups |
| deficit spending | a situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in |
| Estates-General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in prerevolutionary France |
| Bastille | a fortress in Paris that was used as a prison. The storming (breaking into and taking control of) of this prison by Parisians started the French Revolution in 1789 |
| faction | a group of people that disagree with the larger group they belong to |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| sans-culotte | working class men or women who made the French Revolution more radical. They were called this because the members wore long pants instead of fancy knee length short pants that gathered around the knee which was the style of the upper class men |
| estates | the three social classes in France before the revolution: clergy, nobility and everyone else |
| annex | to add a territory to an existing state or country |
| guerrilla warfare | a fighting style that involves ambushes and hit-and-run raids |
| abdicate | to give up or step down from a position of power |
| Reign of Terror | Sept 1793 - July 1794 a time period during the French Revolution when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution. Many of those arrested were executed. |
| Napoleonic Code | a group of French laws introduced in 1804 which served as a model for many other nations' civil codes. It contained ideas from the Enlightenment such as equality of all citizens before the law |
| Congress of Vienna | an assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together which met from Sept 1814-June1815 |
| Concert of Europe | a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain met periodically (every so often) to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe. This came out of the Quadruple Alliance |
| Jacobins | a revolutionary political club made up of mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals who pushed for radical changes in the laws and social structure of France |
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