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Anthropology Test 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Economic Anthropology | |
| Adaptive Strategy | means of making a living; productive system |
| What are the five types of adaptive strategies? | foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, and industrialism |
| Foraging | hunter-gatherers |
| Food Production | plant cultivation and animal domestication |
| What are the two ways of cultivation? | horticulture, agriculture |
| Band | basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split up seasonally |
| Correlation | association; when one variable changes, another does, too |
| Horticulture | nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time; shifting cultivation |
| Agriculture | nonindustrial systems of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor |
| What are the three things agriculture requires that horticulture doesn't? | domesticated animals, irrigation, and terracing |
| What are the domesticated animals used for in agricultural societies? | transport, cultivating machines, and for their manure |
| In terms of irrigation what differentiates agriculturalists from horticulturalists? | Horticulturalists have to wait for the rainy season but agriculturalists can water their crops because they have irrigation systems using canals bringing water from streams, rivers, ponds, and springs |
| What is terracing? | Terracing is when agriculturalists cut into the hillside and build stage after stage of terraced fields rising above the valley floor |
| What is the benefit of terracing? | It prevents them from simply planting on the steel hillsides, fertile soil and crops would be washed away during the rainy season |
| True or False? Agriculture's main advantage is that the long-term yield per area is far greater and more dependable. | True |
| Cultivation continuum | continuum of land and labor use |
| Pastoralists | hereders of domesticated animals |
| What's the difference between pastoral nomadism and pastoral transhumance? | Pastoral nomadism is when the entire group-women, men, and children-moves with the animals. Pastoral transhumance is when only part of the population moves seasonally with the herds |
| Economy | a population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources |
| Tribe | form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. Socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions |
| Chiefdom | society with permanent political structure, hereditary leaders, and social ranking but lacking class division |
| State | sociopolitical organization based on central government and socioeconomic stratification- a division of society into classes |
| State (Nation-State) | complex sociopolitical system that administers a territory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power. An independent, centrally organized political unit; a government. |
| Redistribution | major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies |
| Reciprocity | one of the three principles of exchange; governs exchange between social equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies |
| Potlatch | competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America |
| Village Head | a local leader in a tribal society who has limited authority, leads by example and persuasion, and must be generous |
| Big Man | regional figure found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists. The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs |
| Pantribal Sodalities | non-kin-based groups that exist throughout a tribe, spanning several villages |
| Nomads | movement throughout the year in pursuit of strategic resources |
| Law | a legal code, including trial and enforcement; characteristic of state-organized societies |
| Age Set Sodalities | men born during the same four-year period were circumcised together and belonged to the same group |
| Prestige | social esteem, respect, or approval |
| How did the Inuits solve social disputes? | you can either kill them and have them try to kill you OR you could challenge the other to a song battle. In a public setting, contestants made up insulting songs about each other and then the audience decides the winner. |
| Shame as a social sanction | shame is a more prominent form of social control in non-Western societies. The point is so that people try to avoid behavior that might spoil their reputations and alienate them from their social network |
| Sexual orientation | a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with, persons of the opposite sex, heterosexualityl the same sex, homosexuality; or both sexes, bisexuality |
| Gender | the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else |
| Gender Roles | the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex |
| Gender Stereotypes | oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females |
| Gender Stratification | unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women, reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy |
| Kinship System | |
| Kinship Calculation | the system by which people in a particular society reckon kin relationships |
| Nuclear Family | |
| Lineage | unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent |
| Ambilineal Descent | principle of descent that does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters |
| Lineal Kinship Terminology | |
| Matrilineal Descent | unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life |
| Patrilineal Descent | unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life |
| Generational Kinship | |
| Patriarchy | political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights |
| Gender and industrialism | |
| Marriage | |
| Exogamy | rule requiring people to marry outside their own group |
| Incest | sexual relations with a close relative |
| Parallel cousins | children |
Created by:
Bubblefan123
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