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AP Human Geo Unit I
AP Human Geo Unit I 2016
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical Geography | deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes |
| Human Geography | reveals how and why geographical relationships are important |
| Regional Geography | regions have similar attributes distinct from those of other places |
| Political Ecology | an approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environment issues both reflect, and the result of the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated |
| Natural Landscape | the realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface |
| Cultural Ecology | a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relatinships |
| Cultural Landscape | the fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group; built landscape |
| Carl Sauer | Cultural Landscapes should be fundamental focus of geography |
| George Perkins Marsh | "Man and Nature" or "Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action" |
| Eratosthenes | first to use the word "geography" - determined circumference of the earth |
| Cartography | art and science of making maps |
| Scale | ratio between the distance on a map and the actual distance on Earth's surface |
| Large Scale | depict smaller areas (maps of neighborhood or local area) |
| Small Scale | depict larger areas (maps of world or continents) |
| Projection | a system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map |
| Mercator Projection | cylindrical projections - preserves accurate compass direction, distorts landmasses relative to each other |
| Peters Projection | cylindrical projection that retains the accurate sizes of all world's landmasses |
| Mollweide Projection | Pseudo cylindrical projection - central meridian and parallels straight, but not other meridians |
| Robinson Projection | minimizes errors in area, shape, distance, and direction - aesthetically pleasing balance |
| Azimuthal Projection | planar projections - formed when flat piece of paper is placed on top of the globe and light source projects surrounding areas on the map |
| Goodes-Homolosine Projection | interrupted equal area map projection used for data representation |
| Fuller Projection | maintains accurate size and shape of landmasses, but completely rearranges direction |
| Climate Maps | general information about the climate and precipitation of a region |
| Economic or Resource Maps | feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominated an area |
| Physical Maps | illustrate the physical features of an area, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes; colors are used to show relief - differences in land elevations |
| Political Maps | indicate state and national boundaries and capital and major cities |
| Cartogram | present statistics in a pictorial way; might show countries of the world in their proper map position, but with each country distorted to a size proportionate to its population |
| Topographic Maps | include contour (isoline) lines to show the shape and elevation of an area; lines that are close together indicate steep terrain, lines that are far apart indicate flat terrain |
| Dot Maps | use points to show precise locations of specific observations or occurrences; show frequency of events or phenomon |
| Choropleth Maps | use colors or tonal shadings to represent categories of data for given geographic areas |
| Flow-Line Maps | typically use arrows to illustrate movement |
| Cognitive Maps | inform people's spatial behavior; individual internal geographic understandings of a place |
| Remote Sensing | Acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods |
| Global Positioning Systems | a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites |
| Geographic Information System | a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data in layers |
| Place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic |
| Toponym | name given to a place on Earth |
| Site | describes the physical characteristics where a settlement is located |
| Situation | describes where a place is in relation to its surroundings |
| Regional Studies | an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area |
| Region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features |
| Formal Region | an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional Region | an area organized around a node o focal point, importance diminishes outward |
| Distance Decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| Vernacular Region | an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity |
| Culture | the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people |
| Globalization | the expansion of economic, political, and cultural activities to the point that they reach and have impact on many areas of the world |
| Transnational Corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories, sells products in many countries, not just where is headquarters or shareholders are located |
| Space | the physical gap or interval between 2 objects |
| Spatial Perspective | observing variations in geographic phenomena across space |
| Spatial Distribution | physical location of geographic phenomena across space |
| Spatial Interaction | the movement (e.g. of people, goods, information) between places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas |
| Complementarity | degree to which one place can supply something that another place demands |
| Transferability | costs involved in moving goods from one place to another |
| Connectivity | the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network |
| Accessibility | important factor in the cost of goods and services |
| Distribution | the arrangement and organization of a feature in space |
| Density | the frequency at which something occurs in space |
| Concentration | the spread of a variable over a given area |
| Pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement in a study area |
| Diffusion | process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time |
| Hearth | place from which an innovation originates |
| Relocation Diffusion | spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | spread of a feature from central node or hearth to another through various means |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusion | rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population |
| Stimulus Diffusion | spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse |
| Space-Time Compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems |
| Friction of Distance | a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places |
| Environmental Determinism | an early 20th century approach created by von Humbolt and Ritter which stated that human behaviors are a direct result of their environment |
| Possibilism | a present day theory created by Da Blache that the physical environment may limit human action, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
Created by:
jasperez13
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