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Neuropsych Exam 2
Vision, Hearing, Temporal Lobe
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what kind of waves are sleep waves | delta |
| stage 3 and 4 of sleep show what in their waves | caveats |
| how does sleep change with age | the amount of REM a person gets decreases |
| when does sleep talking and sleep walking happen and why? | in nonREM, in REM the neurons inhibit activity below the neck |
| function of SCN superchiasmatic nucleus | regulates circadian rhythm |
| function of melatonin | it is produced by the pineal gland and it is produced cyclically to induce sleep. |
| incidence of insomnia | 1 in 4 |
| what are kinds of insomnia | trouble falling asleep or staying asleep |
| what is obstructive sleep apnea | snoring due to throat muscles relaxing and is the most common form of apnea |
| what is central sleep apnea | apnea due to the fact that brain doesnt send proper signal to muscles to control breathing. it's the rare type of sleep apnea |
| what is sleep apnea in general | breathing repeatedly stops and starts, inducing snoring. a person is still tired after full night sleep |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure--face/nasal mask that provides positive flow of air into nasal passages to help with sleep apnea |
| narcolepsy | neurological disorder affecting control of sleep and wakefulness |
| EDS | excessive daytime sleepiness--sleep attack, cataplexy, hypanogogic, hallucination, sleep paralysis |
| incidence of narcolepsy | 20-45/100,000 |
| cataplexy | sudden loss of muscle tone leading to feelings of weakness and loss of voluntary muscle control. can range from slurred speech to total body collapse. is often triggered by intense emotions |
| narcolepsy without cataplexy has what symptoms | hallucinations, EDS, sleep paralysis |
| narcolepsy caused by medical condition are often caused by | chemicals that control sleep cycle such as hypocretin |
| epilepsy symptoms | seizures |
| prevalence of epilepsy | 1-4% |
| what cause seizures in epilepsy | everybody is different and cause is unique to individual |
| grand mal | type of epilepsy that is categorized by loss of consciousness/equilibrium and with tonic-clonic convulsions |
| petit aml | type of epilepsy that is categorized by its lack of convulsions and a disruption of consciousness associated with cessation of ongiong behavior |
| partial seizures vs generalized seizures | partial are focal and focused to one hemisphere whereas generalized are with whole brain |
| how do seizures spread | via thalamus, intrahemispheric commisural fibers, or diffuse interconnection between thalamus and cortex |
| aura | first stage of seizure where person feels alteration in senses and emotional state |
| post-ictal phase of seizures | person feels drowsiness and confusion |
| tonic symptoms of seizures | loss of consciousness where person falls and an autonomic response causes extensions of arms and legs and clenching of fingers and jaws |
| clonic symptoms of seizures | muscles relax completely and then muscle tone refutrns |
| tonic-clonic symptoms of seizures | muscles alternate between rigid and relaxed |
| myotonic symptoms of seizures | sudden onset of muscle contraction throughout body or at certain points |
| atonic symptoms of seizures | generalized loss of muscle tone. person becomes limp and falls |
| simple seizures | no alterations in consciousness, 1 minute or less. youll remember |
| complex seixures | altered awareness and sensory or motor symptoms |
| secondary generalized seizures | beings in one place and spreads |
| syncope | loss of consciouness due to drop in BP |
| cells within the same column of a cortex have the same | function |
| cells within the same row of a cortex have the same | structure |
| what are the characteristics of sensory receptros | receptive fields locate sensory events, they allow identification of change and constancy, allow distinction between self and other (exteroceptive vs interoceptive), and density determines density |
| characteristics of neural relays | relays determines hierarchy of motor response, message modification takes place at relays, and they allow sensory interactions |
| characteristics of central representation in neocortex | sensory information is coded. each sensory system is composed of subsystems. sensory systems have multiple representations. |
| where are the sensory receptors for vision located | retina |
| where is the blind spot | optic disk |
| where is the densest region of sensory receptors for vision | fovea |
| where is signal transduced for vision | fovea |
| describe the structure of the retina | rods/cones connected to horizontal cells to bipolar cells to amacrine cells to ganglion cells |
| horizontal cells | amplify signal from rods/cones to bipolar cells |
| bipolar cells ` | link rods and cones to ganglion cells for signal transduction |
| amacrine cells | amplify signal from bipolar cells to ganglion cells |
| ganglion cells | fire action potential |
| geniculostriate pathway | axons give info to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus LGN that goes to striate cortex via optic radiations. it is used to see patterns and colors |
| tectopulvinar pathway | from retina to superior colliculus to pulvinar in thalamus to visual areas in temporal and parietal lobes. used to see light and spatial |
| which pathway is older | tectopulvinar pathway |
| optic nerve | from retina to chiasm |
| optic tract | from chiasm to thalamus |
| why is the hypothalamus in the visual system | SCN--regulates circadian rhythm |
| pretectum | controls reflex of pupil and lense |
| superior colliculus | orients movement of head and eyes and is part of tectopulvinar pathway |
| striate cortex | is the primary visual cortex named BA17 and V1 and has retinotopic represenation |
| BA17 and VI | striate cortex: primary visual cortex |
| retinotopic representation | where it falls on the retina corresponds to where it falls on the occipital lobe |
| information flow of the visual association cortex | striate occiptal cortex (BA17 primary) to extrastriate occiptal cortex (VAAT secondary) to inferior temporal or posterior parietal cortex |
| what are the two streams from the secondary cortex to the tertiary cortex of the visual association information flow | dorsal stream leads to posterior parietal, and ventral stream leads to inferior temporal lobe |
| where is vision finally processed | V5 (MT) -motion and V4-color |
| what does the ventral stream process | fusiform face area face analysis, fusiform body area, parahippocampal place area (landscapes) |
| what does the dorsal stream process | anterior intrapareietal sulcus--object directed grasping |
| disorders with optic tracts | causes partial or complete blindness (hemianopsia--blindness in one side of visual side) or parts of visual field missing (scotoma). disorder has to due with problems with connections to occipital lobes |
| disorders with V1 | disorders in occipital lobe or disturbances involving ventral and dorsal streams |
| akinetopsia | inability to identify objects in motion, inability to see motion, person sees world in pictures one after another. |
| cerebral achromatopsia | disorder of the occipital cortex. loss of ability to detect color due to V4 and V8 |
| middle ear structures | ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea |
| middle ear function | mechanial mechanisms to move fluid in tubes |
| inner ear structures | basial membrane in cochlea, hair cells, |
| inner ear function | transduction |
| n. VII | nerve with the many mes in charge of hearing and vestibular sense |
| sound entering pathway | cochlea to n. VIII to cochlear nucleus to superior olivary nuclear to medial geniculate nucleus to primary auditory cortex to secondary auditory cortex |
| primary auditory corrtex | A1 (Heschl's gyrus) or Brodmann's 41 and 42 or transverse temporal gyri |
| where is primary auditory cortex located | in temporal lobe |
| primary auditory cortex has what type of organization | tonotopic |
| secondary auditory cortex | BA22 |
| 5 types of connections of the temporal cortex | hierarchial sensory, dorsal auditory, polymodal, medial temporal, frontal lobe |
| hierarchical sensory pathway | from primary and secondary auditory cortex and visual cortical regions to lateral temporal cortex to TEMPORAL POLE (BA 38). |
| visual information travels through where in hierarcical sensory pathway | inferior temporal gyrus |
| auditory information travels through where in hierarhical sensory pathway | superior temporal gyrus |
| dorsal auditory pathway | connects temporal cortex with posterior parietal cortex. |
| function of dorsal auditory pathway | enables location of sounds in space and promotes orienting and intitiation of movements relative to sound location |
| polymodal pathway to STS | connections start from auditory and visual hierarchichal pathways to superior temporal sulcus (STS). polymodal region is multiple sensory modalities |
| function of polymodal pathway | involved in assigning stimuli to categories |
| medial temporal projection | ends in amygdala and hippocampus. from perirhinal cortex to entorhinal cortex to amygdala and hippocampus . perforant pathway leads to hippocampus |
| funciton of medial temporal projection | stimulus recognition. familiar conscious experience of knowing, assimilating, and feeling |
| frontal lobe projection | from posterior temporal cortex to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. from anterior temporal cortex to orbitofrontal cortex |
| inferior temporal cortex respons to | complex objects such as hands. showing that certain neurons activated depending simplicity vs complexity of object |
| disorder of ventral stream | agnosia |
| agnosia | failure of recognition, inability to interpret sensations and recognize things |
| apperceptive visual agnosia | no recognition of objects, failure of perception. occipto-temporal vision impairement. failure to name or put it together |
| associate visual agnosia | disorder of meaning. inability to name what is seen, can put it together and recognize but cant name |
| superior temporal sulcus STS function | analyzes biological motion and is basis of social perception and devleopment of social cognition (body language). also respond to approach motions of bodies |
| damage to STS results in | impaired recognition and recall of faces and impaired perception of subtle social signals |
| face processing is done by | coreL V1, FFA, STS |
| prosopagnosia | inability to recognize faces . congenital in various degrees. degree varies among people. |
| conductive hearing disorders | problems in conduction of sound due to outer ear, eardrum, middle ear |
| sensorinueral hearing disorders | dysfunction of inner ear (cochlea), auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers. mostly problem with hair cells |
| cochlear implant need what to work | functioning VIII, functioning transport from cochlea onwards |
| cochlear implants | micorphone above head picks up sounds moves it to speech processor that amplifies sound to transmitter to receiver inside head to stimulator to create aritificial stimulation of basilar |
| does bilateral damage to primary cortex lead to cortical deafness | no. it leads to central deafness |
| auditory hallucinations are due to | spontaneous neural activity in audiroty cortex interacting with langauge areas of temporal lobe |
| left temporal damage causes what problems in speech perception | problems discriminating sounds (people seem to talk fast), |
| right temporal damage causes what problems in speech perception | people have difficulty understanding emotional intention of language |
| music is perceived how in brain | left hemisphere has to do with rhythm and right with pitch |
| amusia | tone deaf |
| posterior temporal lobe damage causes what problems in speech perception | impaired ability to categorize words and pictures and semantic categories and hierarchies. problems with context clues and impariment in long term memory |
| temporal lobe damage can affect what in personality and affect | typically more aggressive and hostile, self-centered, pedantic, preoccuption with religion |
| nociception | perception of unpleasant stimuli, pain and temperature |
| hapsis | perception of objects using fine touch and pressure receptors |
| proprioception | perception of position of limbs and their movement |
| balance is mediated by | vestibular system in inner ear. |
| spinothalamic tract | pain and temperature information and crosses at level entry into spinal cord |
| dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway | touch and proprioceptive information, crosses in medulla |
| vestibular organ | consists of two otolith organs (saccule and utricle) and 3 semicircular canals |
| otoliths/otoconia | calcium carbonate particles next to hair cells push against hair cells and cause excitation when head tilts |
| semicircular canals | filled with jelly like substance and hair cells that are activated when head moves |
| for vestibular sense info travels through n. VIII to | nuclei in pons and medulla to spinal cord , thalamus, and cerebellum |
| anterior zone of parietal lobe | postcentral gyrus (brodman 123) and parietal operculum (brodmann 43) |
| superior parietal lobule | brodmann 5 and 7 |
| inferior parietal lobr | supramarginal gyrus (brodmann 40), angular gyrus (brodmann 39) |
| area 5 pathway | primary sensory areas (123) to primary motor cortex (4), supplemental motor area (SMA), and premotor areas (68) |
| area 5 function | guiding movement by giving information about limbs, position, and movment |
| area 7a pathway | from primary sensory areas, secondary sensory (%), motor and premotor cortex and visual areas to output to primary motor cortex (4), SMA, and premotor areas, |
| function of area 7a | more elaborate movement guidance by giving info about limbs |
| area 7b, 39, 40 | from sense areas to many places but important connection with prefrontal cortex |
| function of area 7b, 39, 40 | intermodal integration, spatially guided actions based on visual and tactile info |
| anterior parietal lobe function | somatosensation |
| posterior parietal function | egocentric space, spatial skills, integration of sense for movement |
Created by:
LittleD331
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