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Chapter 11
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mouth | opening through which food passes into the body |
| tongue | skeletal muscle, attached to the posterior region of the mouth |
| palate | separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
| soft palate | posterior portion, not supported by bone |
| hard palate | anterior portion, supported by bone |
| uvula | soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate directs food in throat |
| pharynx, throat | performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth in the esophagus |
| esophagus | 10-inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to stomach |
| stomach | J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food |
| cardia | area around the opening of the esophagus |
| fundus | proximal domed portion of the stomach |
| body | central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus |
| antrum | distal portion of the stomach |
| pylorus | portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine |
| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum |
| small intestine | 20-foot tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine |
| duodenum | first! 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine |
| jejunum | second! portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet |
| ileum | third! portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet long |
| large intestine | approximately 5 feet long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus |
| cecum | blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine |
| colon | next portion of the large intestine. Four parts |
| rectum | distal portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 to 10 long |
| anus | sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract |
| salivary glands | produce saliva, which flows into the mouith |
| liver | produce bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats |
| bile ducts | passageway that carry bile, coveys bile to the duodenum |
| gallbladder | small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver |
| pancreas | produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food secretes insulin |
| peritoneum | serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| appendix | small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum |
| abdomen | portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis |
| villi | tiny fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine |
| an/o | anus |
| antr/o | antrum |
| cec/o | cecum |
| col/o, colon/o | colon (large intestine) |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | intestine (small intestine) |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| ile/o | ileum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| or/o, stomat/o | mouth |
| proct/o, rect/o | rectum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o | abdomen, abdominal cavity |
| append/o, appendic/o | appendix |
| cheil/o | lip |
| cholangi/o | bile duct |
| chol/e | gall, bile |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| diverticul/o | diverticulum, or blind pouch |
| gingiv/o | gum |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| herni/o | hernia, or protrusion of an organ |
| palat/o | palate |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| polyp/o | polyp, small growth |
| pylor/o | pylorus, pyloric sphincter |
| sial/o | saliva, salivary gland |
| steat/o | fat |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| hemi- | half |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| proctoptosis | prolapse of the rectum |
| adhesion | growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated |
| celiac disease | malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten |
| cirrhosis | chronic disease of the liver with the destruction of cells and form scar tissue |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus |
| ileus | non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea or constipation |
| polyp | tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane, usually benign |
| colostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the colon |
| gastrectomy | excision of the stomach |
| hemicolectomy | excision of half of the colon |
| uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) | surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx |
| colonoscopy | visual examination of the colon |
| laparoscope | instrument used for the visual examination of the abdominal cavity |
| proctoscopy | visual examination of the sigmoid |
| upper GI (gastrointestinal) series | radiographic images taken after the contrast agent barium has been taken |
| Helicobacter pylori | blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria |
| anal | pertaining to the anus |
| dysphagia | difficult swallowing |
| oral | pertaining to the mouth |
| stomatogastric | pertaining to the mouth and stomach |
| sublingual | pertaining to under the tongue |
| ascites | abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| emesis | expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth |
| nausea | urge to vomit |
| reflux | abnormal backward flow |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| H. pylori | Helicobacter pylori |
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
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