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APHuG Unit 6 Vocab
AP Human Geography
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Adolescent fertility rate | The number of births per 1000 women aged 15-19 |
Agricultural labor force | A measure of the participating portion of an economy's labor force |
Calorie consumption | The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation |
Core-periphery model | A mode of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region |
Cultural convergence | The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly use technology and organization structure in the modern world united by improved transportation and communication |
Dependency theory | Theory that most of the LDCs are highly dependent on foreign-owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs to provide employment opportunities and infrastructure |
Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
Energy consupmtion | The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material input to manufacturing process |
Fair trade | An alternative to international trade, emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives, requires employers to pay worker fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards |
Foreign direct investment | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
Four Tigers | Asian countries of South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong; promoted development through international trade |
Fracking | The pumping of water and high pressure to break apart rockes in order to release natural gas |
Gender | Male/female |
Gross domestic product (GDP) | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year) |
Gross national product (GNP) | The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves an enters the country |
Housing Bubble | A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value |
Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based of income, literacy , education, and life expectancy |
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) | An indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country |
Literacy rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
Maternal mortality ratio | The percentage of women who die giving birth per 10,000 births |
Microfinance | Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries |
Millennium Development Goals | Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015 |
Neocolonialism | A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed counties are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of LDCs and people |
Physical Quality of Life Index | An attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country |
Productivity | The value of a particular product compared tot hte amount of labor needed to make it |
Purchasing power parity (PPP) | The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; PPP adjust income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods |
Sustainable development | Development that does not rely on a resource that is being used faster than it can be produced |
Technology gap | The contrast between the tech available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment |
Technology transfer | The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the tech possessed by another, usually more developed society |
Third World | Countries that have mainly agricultural and resource-based economies, found in, but not limited to, Latin America, African, Caribbean countries |
World Systems Theory | Wallerstein's theory that is also known as the core-periphery model |