AP Human Geography
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| Adolescent fertility rate | The number of births per 1000 women aged 15-19
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| Agricultural labor force | A measure of the participating portion of an economy's labor force
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| Calorie consumption | The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation
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| Core-periphery model | A mode of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region
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| Cultural convergence | The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly use technology and organization structure in the modern world united by improved transportation and communication
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| Dependency theory | Theory that most of the LDCs are highly dependent on foreign-owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs to provide employment opportunities and infrastructure
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| Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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| Energy consupmtion | The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material input to manufacturing process
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| Fair trade | An alternative to international trade, emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives, requires employers to pay worker fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards
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| Foreign direct investment | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
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| Four Tigers | Asian countries of South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong; promoted development through international trade
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| Fracking | The pumping of water and high pressure to break apart rockes in order to release natural gas
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| Gender | Male/female
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| Gross domestic product (GDP) | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)
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| Gross national product (GNP) | The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves an enters the country
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| Housing Bubble | A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
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| Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based of income, literacy , education, and life expectancy
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| Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) | An indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country
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| Literacy rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write
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| Maternal mortality ratio | The percentage of women who die giving birth per 10,000 births
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| Microfinance | Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries
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| Millennium Development Goals | Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015
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| Neocolonialism | A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed counties are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of LDCs and people
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| Physical Quality of Life Index | An attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country
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| Productivity | The value of a particular product compared tot hte amount of labor needed to make it
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| Purchasing power parity (PPP) | The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; PPP adjust income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
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| Sustainable development | Development that does not rely on a resource that is being used faster than it can be produced
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| Technology gap | The contrast between the tech available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment
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| Technology transfer | The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the tech possessed by another, usually more developed society
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| Third World | Countries that have mainly agricultural and resource-based economies, found in, but not limited to, Latin America, African, Caribbean countries
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| World Systems Theory | Wallerstein's theory that is also known as the core-periphery model
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