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Holy War Crusades
Crusade information on both muslim and christian accounts
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| early and formative period of christian Church | 1st - 4th century AD end of this period is when the roman empire declared christianity as its empire region |
| middle ages | 5th-15th century AD |
| modern christian church | 15th century to present |
| merovingian dynasty | first european empire , founded by Clovis |
| carolingian dynasty | second european empire, founded by Charlemagne |
| feudal system/ feudalism | feudalism is a social structure. serf- does not own land but works on land for a master and can not move land, but not a slave Vassal- master of land, usually given to them by king or lord Lord- usually a king overruling a certain county |
| monarchy | a form of government where one person holds all sovereignty until death , usually King- purely political title, exc.branch Count- king gives land to govern, called counties marquis - given land between counties to govern duke - |
| Clovis 466-551 | frist barbarian king converted to christianity, founded merovingian dynasty |
| Charlemagne 768-814 | second barbarian king, first european king, carolingian dynasty and in 800 ad. crowned king of roman empire and protector of christian faith |
| monarchial episcopate | bishop (priest) has the power over a district |
| Metropolitan churches | Jerusalem, rome (catholic), Constantinople (orthodox), Alexandria, Syrian, Antioch. Top five churches |
| papal primacy | about the status of the bishop of rome compared to other metropolitan churches. Pope Leo 1 stated that the bishop of rome is more important than any other because peter was the bishop of rome. |
| theocracy | religious leaders are also secular leaders |
| orthodox christianity | 1054 ad the christian church formally split into orthodoxy and christianity |
| church of seven councils | from the 4th century starting with the council of Nicaea - to the 8th century, representatives of all christian churches meet at councils to settle disagreements and hammer out christian doctrines |
| ousia | essence of things, god is one in essence |
| hypostasia | a person through which essence shines |
| Filioque | "from the father and from the son" |
| heresy | christian doctrine from certain sects that was wrong in the eyes of the majority |
| gnosticism | heretical movement that threatened the catholic church by claiming that the world was not created by a loving god and that jesus never existed as a human being; was a heresy |
| cathars | medieval heresy that believed the world to be an evil creation |
| waldensians | medieval heresy that believed christians should live a poor simple life. |
| inquisition (1184) | a suspect of heresy was handed over to civic authority for punishment |
| asceticism | lifetime of chastity, dedicating all time to the lord |
| orthodox split | caused by papal primacy, constaninople didn't agree with pope of rome so he left. began in 5th century but was formalized in 1054 when they cursed each other. |
| doctrine of the trinity | constintine convinced council in nicaea to create a unity in christianity. father son holy spirit is one god cause of ousia. |
| monasticism | communal form of ascetic lifestyle. community of people who practice ascetic lifestyle |
| Cluny reform | 10th century created first religious order- union of a series of monasteries with a strong hierarchical organization |
| knights templar | 12-14th century order for monks to fighting holy land |
| friars | 13th century ideological orders of franciscans , dominicans , carmelites, augustians |
| just war (vellum justum) | compositions of a just war formulated by st. augustine (4-5th c) and expanded by st. thomas aquinas (13th c.) two principles : right to go to war and right conduct of war |
| crusade | "taking up the cross" - spiritual reason to go to war |
| Indulgence | formal remission of sins in catholic church |
| the inquisition (11th and 12th c.) | started in order to surprise the heresy. an inquisitor was appointed by the pope. |
| original sin | all humans are naturally evil. st.augstine. way out baptism and following christ. |
| religious order | designed for monks and nuns , used as just war. |
| just war thomas aquinas ; right to go to war | just authority - must be a body of people to declare war must be just cause- war should be defensive, . right intention- war is limited to righting the wrong. last resort- when we've tried everything else war is the last option |
| just war st.thomas aquinas ; right conduct | proportionality - respond with proportional use discrimination - during war no force against non-compantants responsibility - country who went to war is not responsible for unintended consequences |
| 1st crusades started | formal cause to take back Jerusalem and byzantine emperor asked for help |
| arguments for crusades by pope urban | political- byzantine was in trouble, muslims wanted to tear down churches, spiritual- all who fight in war will go to heaven, indulgence from pope if you go to war. material rewards - you get lands if you fight. |
| 1st crusade | 1095-99 only successful crusade, launched by pope urban |
| 2nd crusade | 1147-49 recapture Jerusalem |
| 3rd crusade | 1187-92 recapture Jerusalem |
| 4th crusade | 1202-04 recapture Jerusalem |
| 5th crusade | 1217-21 capture Jerusalem through Egypt |
| 6th crusade | 1228-29 Jerusalem through Egypt |
| 7th crusade | 1248-54 Jerusalem through Egypt |
| 8th crusade | 1270 Jerusalem through Egypt |
| 9th crusade | 1271-72 Jerusalem through Egypt |
| Saladin | leader of muslim forces who took back Jerusalem in 1187 during third crusade |
| chronology of Palestine | 63 bc- romans occupied. 636 ad- muslims conquer 1063 ad - pope alexander blessed Iberian christian in war. 1095- first crusade launched by pope urban the 2 |
| prophet Mohammad 570-632 | mercian period 601-622 median period 622-632 constitution of medina |
| righteous caliphs | abu bakr 632-44 uthman 644-56 ali 656-61 |
| united kingship caliphate 661-1250 | single state ruled by caliph |
| umayyad caliphate 661-750 | changed islam to absolute monarchy, one of largest single states in history |
| abbasid caliphate 750-1258 | golden age of islam elasuis |
| scattered staes with caliphate 945-1517 | single state to big to rule so ruled by local leader caliph purely symbolic of successor of Mohammad |
| scattered states without caliph | 1517- present |
| constitution of medina | first written constitution lays laws of islamic state , freedom of consciousness and religion |
| omma | all people who live in a region |
| pope leo | papal primacy |
| pope Gelasuis | pope is higher authority than king because he crowns the king |
| pope Gregory the great | popes as de facto ruler of central italy |
| pope john 8 | right for popes to chose kings |
| pope Gregory 7 | asserted papal primacy |
| pope urban the second | launched crusades |
Created by:
stucker001
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