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Asian Rulers
Ap World History - Summerville High School
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Shi Huangd | first emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty. |
| Confucius | major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. |
| Buddha | creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things. |
| Yangdi | second Sui ruler; restored Confucian examination system; constructed canal system; assassinated in 618. |
| Li Yuan | Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over the empire after the assassination of Yangdi; first Tang ruler. |
| Empress Wu | Tang ruler 690–705; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created. |
| Wuzong | Tang emperor (841–847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism. |
| Xuanzong | leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, although he encouraged overexpansion. |
| Yang Guifei | royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt. |
| Zhao Kuangyin | general who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu. |
| Khitans | founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture. |
| Zhu Xi | most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life. |
| neo-Confucians | revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song-era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences. |
| Tangut | rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226. |
| Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song ruler in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society. |
| Jurchens | founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south. |
| Fujiwara | mid-9th-century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. |
| Taira | powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars. |
| bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gumpei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. |
| Ashikaga Takuaji | member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino. |
| daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states. |
| khagan | title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes. |
| Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236. |
| Ogedei | third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded him as Mongol khagan. |
| Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271. |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty. |
| Hongwu | first Ming emperor (1368–1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry. |
| Oda Nobunaga | the first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573, deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. |
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi | general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. |
| Nurhaci | (1559–1626); united the Manchus in the early 17th century; defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty. |
| Kangxi | Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchus. |
| Lin Zexu (somewhat important) | 19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War. |
| Hong Xiuquan | leader of Taiping Rebellion; converted to Chinese form of Christianity; attacked Confucian teachings. |
| Zeng Guofan | Qing official who successfully fended off Taiping assault on northern China; proponent of political and economic reform. |
| Cixi | conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty. |
| Sun Yat-sen | (1866–1925); Chinese revolutionary leader, of scholar-gentry background. |
| Puyi | last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912. |
| Yuan Shikai | warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China. |
| Li Dazhao | Chinese Marxist intellectual; rejected traditional views and instead saw peasants as the vanguard of socialist revolution; influenced Mao Zedong. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949. |
| Corazon Aquino | president of Philippines (r. 1986–1992). |
| Zhou Enlai | premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle Communist leaders. |
| Liu Shaoqui | Chinese communist pragmatist; with Deng Xiaoping, came to power in 1959 after Mao was replaced; purged in 1966 as Mao returned to power. |
| Deng Xiaoping | one of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; emerged as China’s most influential leader in the early 1980s. |
| Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) | with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802, with the capital at Hue. |
| Minh Mang | second ruler of united Vietnam (1802–1841); emphasized Confucianism and persecuted Catholics. |
| Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc) | shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful U.S. intervention in Vietnam. |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | became president of South Vietnam with U.S. support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military with U.S. approval. |
| Vo Nguyen Giap | military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. |
Created by:
willsears1
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