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Blood Vessels
Cardio vascular blood system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the clue Phrase for the blood vessel structure section? | "El Steve Vasa"'s collagen/nerve fibers |
| Clue phrase for Elastic conducting arteries? | "LL'EC" |
| Clue phrase for muscular distributing arteries? | "PI" |
| Clue phrase for arterioles? | "BF'IF" |
| Clue phrase for contiuous capillaries | "MEGI" |
| Clue phrase for fenestrated capillaries? | "SS'PO'FO" |
| Clue phrase for sinosoidal capillaries? | "HI-MOD'FAP" |
| Clue phrase for capillary bed section? | "MTV" |
| M from MTV stands for? | Micro-circulation |
| T from MTV stands for? | True Capillaries |
| V from MTV stands for? | Vascular Shunt |
| Another term for vascular shunt? | Metarteriole thoroughfare channel |
| Capillary blood flow? | Terminal arteriole > Metarteriole > Thoroughfare Channel > Postcapillary Venule |
| What is the pre-capillary sphincter? | Located at root of metarteriole and capillary. Regulates blood flow to capillaries by opening and closing like a valve. |
| The 2 main vessels of the venous system? | Veins and Venules |
| Clue phrase for venous system section? | CA'VE'VA |
| CA from CA'VE'VA means what? | Capacitance vessels |
| VE from CA"VE"VA means what? | Venous valves |
| VA from CA'VE"VA means what? | Vascular Anastomoses |
| The 3 types of anastamoses? | arteriol,venous, and arteriovenous anastomoses |
| What is anastomoses? | The joining of vascular channels |
| Example of arteriovenous anastomoses? | Vascular shunt or metarteriole thoroughfare channel |
| Clue phrase for circulation section? | "PFR" and ART'CA'VE |
| P from PFR means what? | Blood pressure |
| F from PFR means what? | Blood flow |
| R from PFR means what? | Resistance |
| What contributes to peripheral resistance? | Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diamater |
| What does ART mean from ART'CA'VE | Arterial pressure |
| Systemic pressure is highest where? | Aorta |
| What is arterial blood pressure? | how much the arteries close to the heart can be stretched (compliance, or distensibility), and the volume forced into them at a given time. |
| What is systolic pressure? | the highest pressure of blood force in the aorta |
| What is diastolic pressure? | The lowest pressure of blood force in the aorta |
| What is pulse pressure? | diastolic pressure - systolic pressure = pulse pressure |
| What is MAP? | represents the pressure that propels blood to the tissues. (Diasolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure) = MAP |
| Capillary blood pressure range? | 20-40 mm Hg |
| Blood pressure varies directly with changes in what? | blood volume and cardiac output, which are determined primarily by venous return and neural and hormonal controls. |
| What are the short-term regulation controls for falling and rising blood pressure? | Neural and chemical controls |
| Examples of neural control regulators? | Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, vasomotor center and the hypothalamus via adrenal medulla |
| What is the clue phrase for the chemical control factor? | EINAAAAA |
| Clue phrase for constrictor or dilator of chemicals? | CDDCCDCD |
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine promote what? | an increase in cardiac output and generalized vasoconstriction. |
| Antidiuretic hormone promotes what? | vasoconstriction and water conservation by the kidneys, resulting in an increase in blood volume. |
| Angiotensin II acts as a what? | vasoconstrictor, as well as promoting the release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. |
| Endothelium-derived factors promote what? | vasoconstriction, and are released in response to low blood flow. |
| Nitric oxide is produced in response to what? | high blood flow or other signaling molecules, and promotes systemic and localized vasodilation. |
| Name three chemical inflammatories. | Histamine, prostacyclin, and Kinins |
| Alcohol inhibits what? | antidiuretic hormone release and the vasomotor center, resulting in vasodilation. |
| What are the two long-term mechanisms of blood pressure regulation? | direct and indirect renal mechanisms |
| The direct renal mechanism function is what? | counteracts an increase in blood pressure by altering blood volume, which increases the rate of kidney filtration. |
| The indirect renal mechanism funtion is what? | is the renin-angiotensin mechanism, which counteracts a decline in arterial blood pressure by causing systemic vasoconstriction. |
| How do you monitor circulatory efficiency? | by measuring pulse and blood pressure; these values together with respiratory rate and body temperature are called vital signs. |
| How is a pulse generated? | by the alternating stretch and recoil of elastic arteries during each cardiac cycle. |
| What is tissue perfusion? | The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells; gas exchange in the lungs; absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract; and urine formation in the kidneys. |
| Blood velocity is fastest where? | The aorta |
| What is autoregulation? | Like a (water pump station)the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its needs,(like houses) and is controlled intrinsically by modifying the diameter of local arterioles. |
| Name the 3 local autoregulation methods. | Metabolic, Myogenic, and Long term aoutoregulation |
| Metabolic controls of autoregulation are most strongly stimulated by what? | a shortage of oxygen at the tissues. |
| Myogenic control involves what? | the localized response of vascular smooth muscle to passive stretch. |
| Long-term autoregulation develops over weeks or months, and involves what? | an increase in the size of existing blood vessels and an increase in the number of vessels in a specific area, a process called angiogenesis. |
| Muscular autoregulation occurs almost entirely in response to what? | decreased oxygen concentrations. |
| Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to meet what needs? | neuronal needs, since neurons cannot tolerate periods of ischemia, and increased blood carbon dioxide causes marked vasodilation. |
| In the skin, local autoregulatory events control what? | oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells |
| Local autoregulatory using neural mechanisms control what? | the body temperature regulation function |
| Autoregulatory controls of blood flow to the lungs are the opposite of what happens in most tissues:Explain. | low pulmonary oxygen causes vasoconstriction, while higher oxygen causes vasodilation. |
| Movement of blood through the coronary circulation of the heart is influenced by what? | aortic pressure and the pumping of the ventricles. |
| What is vasomotion? | , the slow, intermittent flow of blood through the capillaries, reflects the action of the precapillary sphincters in response to local autoregulatory controls. |
| Capillary exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes occurs where? | between the blood and interstitial space through diffusion. |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | (HP) is the force of a fluid against a membrane. |
| What is Colloid osmotic pressure (OP) | the force opposing hydrostatic pressure, is created by the presence of large, nondiffusible molecules that are prevented from moving through the capillary membrane. |
| What is circulatory shock? | is any condition in which blood volume is inadequate and cannot circulate normally, resulting in blood flow that cannot meet the needs of a tissue. |
| What is Hypovolemic shock? | results from a large-scale loss of blood, and may be characterized by an elevated heart rate and intense vasoconstriction. |
| What is Vascular shock | is characterized by a normal blood volume, but extreme vasodilation, often related to a loss of vasomotor tone, resulting in poor circulation and a rapid drop in blood pressure. |
| What is Transient vascular shock? | due to prolonged exposure to heat, such as while sunbathing, resulting in vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels. |
| What is Cardiogenic shock? | occurs when the heart is too inefficient to sustain normal blood flow, and is usually related to myocardial damage, such as repeated myocardial infarcts. |
| What are the two most distinct circulatory pathways? | Pulmonary and Systemic Blood Circulation |
| Name the one terminal systemic artery. | The Aorta |
| Name the two terminal systemic veins. | The superior and inferior vena cava |
| Which vessels run deep and are well protected? | Arteries |
| Which vessels run both deep and superficial in the skin? | Veins |
| Which vessels have the most intersections and harder to follow? | Veins |
| There are at least two areas where venous drainage does not parallel the arterial supply, what are they? | : the dural sinuses draining the brain, and the hepatic portal system draining from the digestive organs to the liver before entering the main systemic circulation. |
| How many pair of arteries supply the head and neck? | Four pair |
| The upper limbs are supplied entirely by what? | arteries arising from the subclavian arteries. |
| The arterial supply to the abdomen arises from what? | the aorta |
| The internal iliac arteries serve what? | mostly the pelvic region |
| The external iliacs supply blood to what? | the lower limb and abdominal wall. |
| What are the major tributaries of the venous circulation? | The venae cavae |
| How many pair of veins collect blood drained from the head and neck? | three pairs of veins |
| Do the deep veins of the upper limbs follow the paths of the companion arteries? True or False | True |
| vascular endothelium is formed by what? | mesodermal cells that collect throughout the embryo in blood islands, which give rise to extensions that form rudimentary vascular tubes. |
| The rudimentary heart and vessels are circulating blood in which week? | By the fourth week of development |
| What are the three fetal vascular shunts? | the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and the ductus venosus |
| When do the fetal shunts and bypasses close and become occluded? | At birth |
| The incidence of vascular disease increases with age, leading to varicose veins, tingling in fingers and toes, and muscle cramping; True or False? | True |
| When does Atherosclerosis begin? | at youth, but rarely cause problems until old age |
| what is the normal arterial pressure of infants? | is about 90/55 |
| What is the normal arterial pressure during childhood? | An average 120/80 |
| What is the normal arterial pressure during old age? | 150/90 |
| R and L coronary arteries supply what? | the myocardium |
| Brachiocephalic, common carotids, and subclavian Art. supply what? | Head neck and upper limbs |
| External carotid Art. supply what? | Head tissues |
| Internal Carotid Art. supply what? | Orbits and cerebrum |
| Vertebral arter. supply what? | supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis |
| Basilar Arter. supply what? | Cerebellum, pons, and inner ear |
| Auxillary arter. supply what? | Axilla, chestwall, and shoulder girdle |
| Brachial arter. supply what? | brachial muscles |
| Radial and Ulnar arter. supply what? | forearm and wrist |
| Palmar arches arter. supply what? | fingers |
| Thoracic aorta supplies what? | thoracic wall and viscera |
| Intercostal arter. supply what? | intercostal spaces anteriorly |
| Left gastric arter. supplies what? | stomach, inferior esophagus |
| Splenic arter. supplies what? | pancreas, stomach, and spleen |
| Common hepatic arter. supplies what? | Liver |
| Suprarenal arter. supply what? | Adrenal glands |
| Renal arter. supply what? | Kidneys |
| Gonadal arter. supply what? | testes and ovaries |
| Inferior mesenteric arter. supply what? | distal part of large intestine |
| Common illiac arter. supply what? | pelvic organs and lower abdominal wall |
| External illiac arter. supply what? | lower limbs |
| Femoral arter. supply what? | quads, hamstrings, and adductors |
| Popliteal arter. supply what? | knee region |
| Anterior tibial arter. supply what? | extensor muscles |
| Anterior tibial vein drains what? | drain the deep veins of the ankle and dorsum of the foot. |
| Popliteal vein drains what? | knee |
| Femoral vein drains what? | deep structures of thigh |
| Great sephanous vein drains what? | drains the dorsal venous arch. ( longets vein in body ) |
| External Iliac vein drains what? | the femoral vein |
| Common Iliac vein drains what? | pelvis and lower leg |
| Inferior vena cava? | receives systemic blood below diaphragm |
| Gonadal veins drain what? | testes or ovaries |
| Renal veins drain what? | kidneys |
| Suprarenal veins drain what? | Adrenal glands |
| Inferior mesenteric vein drain what? | large intestine and rectum |
| Splenic vein drains what? | spleen, stomach, and pancreas |
| Superior mesenteric vein drains what? | small intestine |
| Hepatic portal vein drains what? | Superior, inferior, mesenteric and Splenic veins |
| Hepatic veins drain what? | liver |
| Palmar arches drain what? | hands |
| Ulnar vein drain what? | run alongside the unlar artery and drain the palmar arches. |
| Brachial vein drain what? | travel with the brachial artery and drain the radial and ulnar veins. |
| Axillary vein drains what? | upper limb |
| Subclavian veins drain what? | head neck and upper limbs |
| External jugular veins drain what? | superficial head and neck |
| Vertebral veins drain what? | deep muscles of the upper part of the back of the neck |
| Internal jugular drain what? | dural sinusus of brain |
| Brachiocephalic veins drain what? | side of head and upper limbs |
| Superior vena cava drains what? | receives sytemic blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm |
| Superior mesenteric artery supplies what? | supplies most of the small intestine, part of the pancreas and part of the large intestine. |
Created by:
martinandmary
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