Cardio vascular blood system
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| What is the clue Phrase for the blood vessel structure section? | "El Steve Vasa"'s collagen/nerve fibers
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| Clue phrase for Elastic conducting arteries? | "LL'EC"
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| Clue phrase for muscular distributing arteries? | "PI"
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| Clue phrase for arterioles? | "BF'IF"
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| Clue phrase for contiuous capillaries | "MEGI"
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| Clue phrase for fenestrated capillaries? | "SS'PO'FO"
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| Clue phrase for sinosoidal capillaries? | "HI-MOD'FAP"
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| Clue phrase for capillary bed section? | "MTV"
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| M from MTV stands for? | Micro-circulation
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| T from MTV stands for? | True Capillaries
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| V from MTV stands for? | Vascular Shunt
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| Another term for vascular shunt? | Metarteriole thoroughfare channel
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| Capillary blood flow? | Terminal arteriole > Metarteriole > Thoroughfare Channel > Postcapillary Venule
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| What is the pre-capillary sphincter? | Located at root of metarteriole and capillary. Regulates blood flow to capillaries by opening and closing like a valve.
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| The 2 main vessels of the venous system? | Veins and Venules
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| Clue phrase for venous system section? | CA'VE'VA
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| CA from CA'VE'VA means what? | Capacitance vessels
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| VE from CA"VE"VA means what? | Venous valves
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| VA from CA'VE"VA means what? | Vascular Anastomoses
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| The 3 types of anastamoses? | arteriol,venous, and arteriovenous anastomoses
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| What is anastomoses? | The joining of vascular channels
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| Example of arteriovenous anastomoses? | Vascular shunt or metarteriole thoroughfare channel
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| Clue phrase for circulation section? | "PFR" and ART'CA'VE
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| P from PFR means what? | Blood pressure
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| F from PFR means what? | Blood flow
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| R from PFR means what? | Resistance
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| What contributes to peripheral resistance? | Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diamater
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| What does ART mean from ART'CA'VE | Arterial pressure
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| Systemic pressure is highest where? | Aorta
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| What is arterial blood pressure? | how much the arteries close to the heart can be stretched (compliance, or distensibility), and the volume forced into them at a given time.
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| What is systolic pressure? | the highest pressure of blood force in the aorta
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| What is diastolic pressure? | The lowest pressure of blood force in the aorta
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| What is pulse pressure? | diastolic pressure - systolic pressure = pulse pressure
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| What is MAP? | represents the pressure that propels blood to the tissues. (Diasolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure) = MAP
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| Capillary blood pressure range? | 20-40 mm Hg
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| Blood pressure varies directly with changes in what? | blood volume and cardiac output, which are determined primarily by venous return and neural and hormonal controls.
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| What are the short-term regulation controls for falling and rising blood pressure? | Neural and chemical controls
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| Examples of neural control regulators? | Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, vasomotor center and the hypothalamus via adrenal medulla
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| What is the clue phrase for the chemical control factor? | EINAAAAA
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| Clue phrase for constrictor or dilator of chemicals? | CDDCCDCD
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| Norepinephrine and epinephrine promote what? | an increase in cardiac output and generalized vasoconstriction.
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| Antidiuretic hormone promotes what? | vasoconstriction and water conservation by the kidneys, resulting in an increase in blood volume.
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| Angiotensin II acts as a what? | vasoconstrictor, as well as promoting the release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.
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| Endothelium-derived factors promote what? | vasoconstriction, and are released in response to low blood flow.
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| Nitric oxide is produced in response to what? | high blood flow or other signaling molecules, and promotes systemic and localized vasodilation.
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| Name three chemical inflammatories. | Histamine, prostacyclin, and Kinins
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| Alcohol inhibits what? | antidiuretic hormone release and the vasomotor center, resulting in vasodilation.
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| What are the two long-term mechanisms of blood pressure regulation? | direct and indirect renal mechanisms
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| The direct renal mechanism function is what? | counteracts an increase in blood pressure by altering blood volume, which increases the rate of kidney filtration.
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| The indirect renal mechanism funtion is what? | is the renin-angiotensin mechanism, which counteracts a decline in arterial blood pressure by causing systemic vasoconstriction.
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| How do you monitor circulatory efficiency? | by measuring pulse and blood pressure; these values together with respiratory rate and body temperature are called vital signs.
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| How is a pulse generated? | by the alternating stretch and recoil of elastic arteries during each cardiac cycle.
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| What is tissue perfusion? | The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells; gas exchange in the lungs; absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract; and urine formation in the kidneys.
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| Blood velocity is fastest where? | The aorta
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| What is autoregulation? | Like a (water pump station)the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its needs,(like houses) and is controlled intrinsically by modifying the diameter of local arterioles.
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| Name the 3 local autoregulation methods. | Metabolic, Myogenic, and Long term aoutoregulation
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| Metabolic controls of autoregulation are most strongly stimulated by what? | a shortage of oxygen at the tissues.
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| Myogenic control involves what? | the localized response of vascular smooth muscle to passive stretch.
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| Long-term autoregulation develops over weeks or months, and involves what? | an increase in the size of existing blood vessels and an increase in the number of vessels in a specific area, a process called angiogenesis.
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| Muscular autoregulation occurs almost entirely in response to what? | decreased oxygen concentrations.
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| Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to meet what needs? | neuronal needs, since neurons cannot tolerate periods of ischemia, and increased blood carbon dioxide causes marked vasodilation.
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| In the skin, local autoregulatory events control what? | oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells
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| Local autoregulatory using neural mechanisms control what? | the body temperature regulation function
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| Autoregulatory controls of blood flow to the lungs are the opposite of what happens in most tissues:Explain. | low pulmonary oxygen causes vasoconstriction, while higher oxygen causes vasodilation.
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| Movement of blood through the coronary circulation of the heart is influenced by what? | aortic pressure and the pumping of the ventricles.
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| What is vasomotion? | , the slow, intermittent flow of blood through the capillaries, reflects the action of the precapillary sphincters in response to local autoregulatory controls.
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| Capillary exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes occurs where? | between the blood and interstitial space through diffusion.
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| What is hydrostatic pressure? | (HP) is the force of a fluid against a membrane.
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| What is Colloid osmotic pressure (OP) | the force opposing hydrostatic pressure, is created by the presence of large, nondiffusible molecules that are prevented from moving through the capillary membrane.
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| What is circulatory shock? | is any condition in which blood volume is inadequate and cannot circulate normally, resulting in blood flow that cannot meet the needs of a tissue.
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| What is Hypovolemic shock? | results from a large-scale loss of blood, and may be characterized by an elevated heart rate and intense vasoconstriction.
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| What is Vascular shock | is characterized by a normal blood volume, but extreme vasodilation, often related to a loss of vasomotor tone, resulting in poor circulation and a rapid drop in blood pressure.
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| What is Transient vascular shock? | due to prolonged exposure to heat, such as while sunbathing, resulting in vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels.
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| What is Cardiogenic shock? | occurs when the heart is too inefficient to sustain normal blood flow, and is usually related to myocardial damage, such as repeated myocardial infarcts.
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| What are the two most distinct circulatory pathways? | Pulmonary and Systemic Blood Circulation
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| Name the one terminal systemic artery. | The Aorta
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| Name the two terminal systemic veins. | The superior and inferior vena cava
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| Which vessels run deep and are well protected? | Arteries
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| Which vessels run both deep and superficial in the skin? | Veins
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| Which vessels have the most intersections and harder to follow? | Veins
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| There are at least two areas where venous drainage does not parallel the arterial supply, what are they? | : the dural sinuses draining the brain, and the hepatic portal system draining from the digestive organs to the liver before entering the main systemic circulation.
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| How many pair of arteries supply the head and neck? | Four pair
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| The upper limbs are supplied entirely by what? | arteries arising from the subclavian arteries.
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| The arterial supply to the abdomen arises from what? | the aorta
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| The internal iliac arteries serve what? | mostly the pelvic region
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| The external iliacs supply blood to what? | the lower limb and abdominal wall.
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| What are the major tributaries of the venous circulation? | The venae cavae
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| How many pair of veins collect blood drained from the head and neck? | three pairs of veins
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| Do the deep veins of the upper limbs follow the paths of the companion arteries? True or False | True
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| vascular endothelium is formed by what? | mesodermal cells that collect throughout the embryo in blood islands, which give rise to extensions that form rudimentary vascular tubes.
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| The rudimentary heart and vessels are circulating blood in which week? | By the fourth week of development
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| What are the three fetal vascular shunts? | the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and the ductus venosus
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| When do the fetal shunts and bypasses close and become occluded? | At birth
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| The incidence of vascular disease increases with age, leading to varicose veins, tingling in fingers and toes, and muscle cramping; True or False? | True
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| When does Atherosclerosis begin? | at youth, but rarely cause problems until old age
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| what is the normal arterial pressure of infants? | is about 90/55
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| What is the normal arterial pressure during childhood? | An average 120/80
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| What is the normal arterial pressure during old age? | 150/90
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| R and L coronary arteries supply what? | the myocardium
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| Brachiocephalic, common carotids, and subclavian Art. supply what? | Head neck and upper limbs
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| External carotid Art. supply what? | Head tissues
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| Internal Carotid Art. supply what? | Orbits and cerebrum
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| Vertebral arter. supply what? | supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis
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| Basilar Arter. supply what? | Cerebellum, pons, and inner ear
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| Auxillary arter. supply what? | Axilla, chestwall, and shoulder girdle
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| Brachial arter. supply what? | brachial muscles
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| Radial and Ulnar arter. supply what? | forearm and wrist
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| Palmar arches arter. supply what? | fingers
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| Thoracic aorta supplies what? | thoracic wall and viscera
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| Intercostal arter. supply what? | intercostal spaces anteriorly
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| Left gastric arter. supplies what? | stomach, inferior esophagus
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| Splenic arter. supplies what? | pancreas, stomach, and spleen
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| Common hepatic arter. supplies what? | Liver
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| Suprarenal arter. supply what? | Adrenal glands
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| Renal arter. supply what? | Kidneys
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| Gonadal arter. supply what? | testes and ovaries
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| Inferior mesenteric arter. supply what? | distal part of large intestine
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| Common illiac arter. supply what? | pelvic organs and lower abdominal wall
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| External illiac arter. supply what? | lower limbs
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| Femoral arter. supply what? | quads, hamstrings, and adductors
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| Popliteal arter. supply what? | knee region
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| Anterior tibial arter. supply what? | extensor muscles
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| Anterior tibial vein drains what? | drain the deep veins of the ankle and dorsum of the foot.
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| Popliteal vein drains what? | knee
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| Femoral vein drains what? | deep structures of thigh
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| Great sephanous vein drains what? | drains the dorsal venous arch. ( longets vein in body )
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| External Iliac vein drains what? | the femoral vein
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| Common Iliac vein drains what? | pelvis and lower leg
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| Inferior vena cava? | receives systemic blood below diaphragm
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| Gonadal veins drain what? | testes or ovaries
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| Renal veins drain what? | kidneys
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| Suprarenal veins drain what? | Adrenal glands
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| Inferior mesenteric vein drain what? | large intestine and rectum
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| Splenic vein drains what? | spleen, stomach, and pancreas
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| Superior mesenteric vein drains what? | small intestine
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| Hepatic portal vein drains what? | Superior, inferior, mesenteric and Splenic veins
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| Hepatic veins drain what? | liver
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| Palmar arches drain what? | hands
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| Ulnar vein drain what? | run alongside the unlar artery and drain the palmar arches.
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| Brachial vein drain what? | travel with the brachial artery and drain the radial and ulnar veins.
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| Axillary vein drains what? | upper limb
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| Subclavian veins drain what? | head neck and upper limbs
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| External jugular veins drain what? | superficial head and neck
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| Vertebral veins drain what? | deep muscles of the upper part of the back of the neck
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| Internal jugular drain what? | dural sinusus of brain
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| Brachiocephalic veins drain what? | side of head and upper limbs
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| Superior vena cava drains what? | receives sytemic blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm
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| Superior mesenteric artery supplies what? | supplies most of the small intestine, part of the pancreas and part of the large intestine.
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