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W. His Sem1 Final
World History Semester 1 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | Period of European history,1300-1600,renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changes in art. learning and view of the world |
| Renaissance Man | man who excelled in many fields, also called a universal man |
| humanism | Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements |
| secular | Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |
| patron | A person who supports artists, especially financially |
| vernacular | The everyday language of people in a region or country |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Statesman of Florence, Italy, who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527 |
| Michelangelo | Florentine sculptor, painter, and architect; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance (1475-1564) |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Painter of the Mona Lisa, was a renaissance man because he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist, studied how muscles moved and incorporated it in his paintings |
| The Mona Lisa | Painted by da Vinci, |
| The Last Supper | Painted by da Vinci , it shows the personalities of Jesus' disciples through facial expressions |
| Sistine Chapel | Room in a building at the Vatican where the painting of the LAST SUPPER by daVinci covers one whole wall. Also contains paintings on the ceiling by Michelangelo |
| William Shakespeare | Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age.wrote plays that would be preformed at the GLOBE Theater |
| Henry VIII | King of England (1509-1547), divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break form Catholic Church and his excommunication 1538, lead to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547) |
| Johann Gutenberg | Developed a printing press that made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. |
| Martin Luther | German theologian who led the Reformation;believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546) |
| Reformation | 16th Century movement or religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority |
| indulgence | A pardon releasing a person from punishment due to a sin |
| Protestant | A member of a Christian church founded on principles of the Reformation |
| Results of the Peace of Augsburg | Agreement that the each German ruler would decide the religion of his state |
| predestination | The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand including which people will be eternally saved |
| Calvinism | A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin |
| theocracy | Government controlled by religious leaders |
| Results of the Council of Trent | Church's interpretation of Bible was final, Christians could not be saved by faith alone, Bible and Church tradition were used equally for guiding Christianity, false selling of indulgences was banned |
| Results of the Catholic Reformation | Catholic Church became more unified, started parish schools and colleges, womens' place in society improved, individual monarchs and states gained power, laid ground work for Enlightenment Period |
| Explain the role of God, Glory, and Gold in world exploration | become rich, spread Christianity, come back to home country as a hero |
| Bartholomeu Diaz | Early Portuguese explorer, first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, motives were to bring Christianity to others serve his King and grow rich |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | son of Portugal's king who used his own fortune to organize more than 14 voyages along the western coast of Africa, purpose spread Christianity and find new lands |
| Vasco da Gama | First to sail to India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa, brought back spices, gave Portugal a direct sea route to India |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, Discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain, to the east of the line would belong to Portugal |
| Line of Demarcation | An imaginary line drawn north to south through the Atlantic Ocean created by the Treaty of Tordesillas. All land to the west of the line belonged to Spain, all land east of the line belonged to Portugal |
| Dutch East India Company | Founded by Dutch in early 17th Century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | A dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867 |
| Kabuki | A type of Japanese drama that combines music, dance, and mime |
| Haiku | Japanese form of poetry, consisting of three un-rhymed lines of dive, seven, and five syllables |
| Alternate attendance policy | Diamyo were to spend one year in the capital and |
| Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the western African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean |
| kowtow | To kneel or bow to another as an act of respect |
| Accomplishments of Hernando Cortes | Landed on shores of Mexico, colonized Caribbean Islands, marched into American mainland claimed land for Spain, Spanish were first to European settles to set up colonies in America |
| Joint-stock Companies | Business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits |
| Accomplishments of Christopher Columbus | Thought found route to East Indies,but landed on island off shore of America, claimed island for Spain, named it San Salvador,returned with 1000 sik |
| encomienda system | Grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it |
| Columbia Exchange | Global transfer of plants, animals and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy, nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | An economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad |
| conquistador | A Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century |
| colony | Land controlled by another nation |
| Accomplishments of Francisco Pizarro | Marched a small force into South America and conquered the Incan Empire, |
| mestizo | A person of mixes Spanish and Native Ameriacn ancestry |
| Results of the French and Indian War | Also known as the Seven Year War,conflict over land in America between French and English, English won-France surrendered its holding to English, now England controlled eastern half of North America |
| Atlantic slave trade | The buying, transporting and selling of African for work in the Americas |
| triangular trade route | Goods from New England(America) rum and other goods were transported to Africa, exchanged for captured Africans,Africans sold in East Indies, money used to buy sugar & molasses which was transported to Americas where is was sold to make rum |
| middle passage | Voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America to be sold as slaves |
| capitalism | Economic system based on private ownership of businesses and the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit (money) |
| Philip II | Hard working, trusted no one, inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, |
| absolute monarch | A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of a society |
| divine right | The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 declaration by French king Henry IV promised Protestants could live in peace in France and set up houses of worship in some French cities |
| skepticism | Philosophy that nothing can be known for certail |
| intendant | |
| War of Spanish Succession | Conflict from 1701 to 1713 in which European States fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France |
| Louis XIV | King of France from 1643 to 1715, his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Principal minister to Louis XIII, King Louis took the throne as a young boy, this minister ruled France with a strong hand until his death (1585-1643)French prelate and statesman |
| Jen Baptiste Colbert | Minister of finance for French King Louis XIV |
| Reasons and result of the Thirty Year War | Reason-conflict over religion & territory and power among European families- Hapsburg family won the fight |
| Important consequences of the Peace of Westphalia | Peace negotiations, weakened Spain & Austria, strengthened France by giving them Germain territory |
| boyar | Land owning nobles of Russia |
| Westernization under Peter the Great | Modernized army, introduced potatoes, newspaper, raised women's social status, mad all wear western clothing, advanced education, created schools for navigation, arts & science |
| Results of the English Civil War | |
| restoration | Restoring of monarch in England by Charles II, period of Charles II's rule over England after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government |
| habeaus corpus | Document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal |
| Results of the Glorious Revolution | |
| Huguenots | Members of French Protestant Reform Church in the 16th & 17th century |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Successor of Cardinal Richelieu - he ended the 30 year war. |
| constitutional monarchy | A system of government in which the ruler's power is limited by law |
| cabinet | Group of advisers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions |
| Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) |
| Aristotle | Created the Geocentric Theory, the moon, sun and stars revolved around the Earth, Greek philosopher of the 4th Century |
| Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist. remembered for developing calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1643-1725) |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician, first to use a telescope to study the stars, demonstrated that different weights fall at the same rate, perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries |
| Johannes Kepler | Mathematician. planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles, demonstrated theory mathematically |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473- 1543) |
| Voltaire | Writer, philosopher, published more that 70 books which made fun of the clergy, aristocracy & government, fought for freedom of speech & reason. His pen name was Fr |
| John Locke | Philosopher, felt people could learn from mistakes and they do have the ability to govern themselves they have the ability to look after their own welfare |
| Thomas Hobbes | Felt all humans are selfish / wicked need government to protect order in society |
| Montesquieu | Believed in division of power among the branches of govern. wrote "On the Spirit of Law" |
| Denis Diderot | Created first Encyclopedia- it held articles & essays written by leading scholars of Europe-helped spread Enlightenment ideas all over Europe |
| Frederick the Great | King of Prussia, dedicated himself to reforms, granted religious freedom,reduced censorship, improved education, reformed justice system, abolished torture |
| Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire(1729 -1796) ruled with absolute authority, but also sought reforms |
| Thomas Jefferson | Writer of the Declaration of Independence for the United States which was based on the ideas of John Locke ,it stated that the colonies were declaring their separation from Britian |
| Articles of Confederation | First Constitution of the United States of America, established the United States as a republic, where citizens ruled through elected representatives |
| Constitution of the United States | The supreme law of the land, a document that put Enlightenment ideas into practice; the writes felt that reason and reform could prevail and progress was inevitable |
| philosopher | One of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment |
| neoclassical | Relating to a simple, elegant style |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 Amendments to the US Constitution, deal with human rights |
| Steps in the Scientific Method | 1. Identify the question or problem, 2. Form a hypotheses or an unproved assumption 3.Test your hypotheses in an experiment 4. Analyze and interpret the data to reach a conclusion 5. either prove your hypotheses to be true or untrue |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | The key idea that linked motion in the heavens with motion on the earth, every object in the universe attracts every other object |
| Baron de Montesquieu | |
| geocentric theory | The moon, sun and stars revolved around the Earth, stated by Aristotle, a Greek philosopher of the 4th Century |
| heliocentric theory | Theory stated by Copernicus that planets revolve around the sun |
| social contract | People handed over some of their rights to a strong leader in exchange for safety, law and order. Idea is credited to Thomas Hobbes |
| salon | Large drawing rooms where a hostess held regular social |
| baroque | |
| enlightened despot | |
| check and balances | |
| federal system | |
| Old Regine | |
| name 3 estates infor | |
| Lous XVI | King of France (1774-1792), his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution, he and his queen(Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793) |
| Marie Antoinette | |
| Estates-General | Assembly of the estates of all France/ last meeting in 1789 |
| National Assembly | |
| Tennis Court Oath | The Third Estate delegates found themselves locked out of their meeting room so they broke down the door of the tennis court and stayed until all the bugs were ironed out of their new Constitution |
| Great Fear | Senseless panic, a rumor spread that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants-intern the peasants became outlaws themselves |
| bourgeoisie | The middle class people of society,the employers, people that have. Marxist idea that the Industrial Revolution helped the haves get richer, the poor get poorer and the poor would rebel against the haves |
| Legislative Assembly | New body in France held power to create laws and approve or reject war |
| Emigres | Nobles and others who fled France, hoping to undo the Revolution and restore the old Regime |
| Sans-culottes | Those without knee britches-partisan workers and shop keepers who wanted the French Revolution |
| Jacobins | French radical political organization p people involved in governmental changes |
| Guillotine | A machine used to behead people |
| Reign of Terror | Term given to time Robespierre governed France as a dictator |
| Maximilen Robespierre | Jacobin leader - ruled France for one year |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Great French hero for winning military battles which lead to the revolution to take over French government |
| Coup d'Etat | Sudden seizure of power - 'blow to the states' |
| plegiscite | A vote of the people |
| lychees | Government run public schools |
| concordat | Agreement |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's comprehensives system of laws |
| Admiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar | |
| blockade | Force-able closing of parts |
| Continental System | Napoleon's name for closing the ports top prevent trade and communication between Great Britain and Europe |
| guerillas | Spanish peasant fighters - hit hard hit fast disappear |
| Peninsular War | Battles fought on Spain's Iberian Peninsula |
| scorched-earth policy | Burn grain fields and slaughter live stock to leave nothing behind for the enemy to eat |
| Results of the Battle of Waterloo | Napoleon lost - Britain shipped Napoleon to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic |
| The Hundred Days | Napoleon's bid for power |
| Accomplishments and long term lagacy of the Congress of Vienna | |
| Klemens von Metternich | Foreign minister of Austria |
| Balance of power | No country in Europe would/could easily overpower another |
| legitimacy | Hereditary right of a monarch to rule |
| Purpose of the Holy Alliance | Pledge that was based on using Christian principles in order to combat forces of revolution |
| Concert of Europe | Series of alliances ensuring nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out |
| National Convention | New governing body in France-abolished monarchy and declared France as a republic |
| left wing | Opposed the idea of a monarchy, wanted many changes in how the government was run |
| right wing | Wanted a limited monarchy and only a few changes in how the government was run |
| Industrial Revolution | Greatly increased the out put of machine made goods that began in England |
| industrialization | The machine production of goods |
| enclosures | Large fields that were fenced or a high hedge grew all around them |
| crop rotation | Method of planting different crops on a piece of land each year |
| Factors of Production | Land, labor, capital |
| entrepreneur | A person who organizes,manages and takes on the risks of a business |
| urbanization | City building buildings and the movement of people to the city |
| middle class | Social class made up of skilled workers,professionals, and business people and weal;thy farmers |
| stock | Shares of a company--buying stock in a company makes the purchaser part owner of the company |
| stock holder | A person who owns share/stock in a company |
| corporation | Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personal responsible for its debts |
| capitalism | Economic system in which factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit |
| utilitarianism | Theory of Jeremy Bentham,late 1700's government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| socialism | Factors of production are owned by the public, operated for the benefit of all |
| communism | Form of complete socialism, meas of production, all land,mines,factories,railroads, businesses would be owned by the people,private property would not exist,goods and services would be shared |
| unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. |
| strike | To refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands |
| laissez faire | Government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses |
| Adam Smith | Wrote "The Wealth of Nations", argued that a government should not interfere in the economy, liberty guarantees economic progress |
| reform movement | Improved workplace and extended the right ot vote to working class men, rose in response to negative impact of Industrialization |
| Karl Marx | Introduced to the world a radical type of socialism called Marxism |
| collective bargaining | Negotiations between workers and their employers. Bargained for better working conditions, fewer hours and higher pay |
| agricultural revolution | Time marked by improvements in farm technology and productivity |
| free-market system | Distribution and use of resources are determined by there supply and demand for them |
| annul | To cancel or set aside |
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