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AP/Cellular Biology
Review cell structure and the function carried out by these structures.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary four elements that make up a cell. | carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen |
| The three main regions of a cell. | nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane |
| The three recognizable regions of the nucleus. | nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleoli |
| Where ribosomes are assembled. | nucleoli |
| DNA combined with protein; forms a loose network of bumpy threads. | chromatin |
| Part of the cell that contains DNA. | nucleus |
| Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. | plasma membrane |
| Projections that increase the cells surface area for absorption. | microvilli |
| The 3 types of cell junctions. | tight, desmosomes, gap |
| Impermeable junction that binds cells together like a zipper. | tight |
| Anchoring junction that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart. Buttonlike. | desmosomes |
| Junction that forms mainly to allow communication between cells. | gap |
| The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. *Hint: the factory area | cytoplasm |
| The cytoplasm contains what three main elements? | cytosol, organelles, inclusions |
| The metabolic machinery of the cell. | organelles |
| The semi-transparent fluid that suspends the other elements. | cytosol |
| Chemical substances that may or may not be present (lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigment, mucus, crystals, etc.) | inclusions |
| Enzymes in this organelle carry out the reactions in which oxygen is used to break down foods. Forms ATP. | mitochondria |
| The actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell. | ribosomes |
| Mini-circulatory system for the cell. Forms channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from one part of the cell to another. | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| What makes rough ER rough? | The ribosomes that stud the sides. |
| The cells "membrane factory". Proteins made on the ribosomes are transported and folded into their functional shapes and dispatched. | rough ER |
| Plays no role in protein synthesis. Functions in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of drugs and pesticides. | smooth ER |
| Organelle that modifies and packages proteins for transport. *Hint: the traffic director | Golgi apparatus |
| Membranous "bags" that contain powerful digestive enzymes. Disposes of bacteria and cell debris. *Hint: the demolition site | lysosome |
| Use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances. "Disarm" free radicals. | peroxisomes |
| The cells "bones and muscle". An elaborate network of proteins providing an internal framework. | cytoskeleton |
| Generate microtubules. During cell division, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle. | centriols |
| Whip-like extensions that move substances along the cells surface. | cilia |
| The flagellum is a specialized version of ______ found only on the sperm. | cilia |
| The two types of cells that connect body parts. | fibroblast, erythrocyte |
| Cell that covers and lines body organs. | epithelial |
| The two types of cells that move organs and body parts. | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle |
| Cell that stores nutrients. | fat cell |
| Cell that fights disease. | macrophage |
| Cell that gathers information and controls body functions. | nerve cell (neuron) |
| The two cells of reproduction. | oocyte, sperm |
| A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components. | solution |
| The substance present in the largest amount in a solution. | solvent |
| The components of a solution found in smaller quantities than the solvent. | solutes |
| Fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells. | interstistal fluid |
| The types of passive transport. | diffusion (osmosis if water), filtration |
| Unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane. | simple diffusion |
| Type of diffusion in which protein membrane channels are used to transport solutes. | facilitated diffusion |
| Law of diffusion. | Molecules move down their concentration gradient. |
| The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure. | filtration |
| Uses ATP to energize its protein carriers, or solute pumps, to move materials against the concentration gradient. | active transport |
| The 2 types of vesicular tranport in which substances are moved into or out of the cell without actually crossing the plasma membrane. | endocytosis, exocytosis |
| The process by which cells actively secrete hormones, mucus, other cell products, or cellular waste. Uses ATP. | exocytosis |
| Includes the ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances. | endocytosis |
| Version of endocytosis in which the particles are relatively large such as bacteria or dead body cells. | phagocytosis (cell eating) |
| The process by which cells "drink". | pinocytosis |
| Version of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptor proteins bind only with certain substances. | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| The 6 phases of cell division. | interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis |
| The division of the cytoplasm during cell division. | cytokenesis |
| Cell division stage at which the chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the center of the spindle. | metaphase |
| Defined as a DNA segment. | gene |
| Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells. | enzymes |
| Differs from DNA in that it is single stranded. | RNA |
| Involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA. | transcription |
| In this phase of protein synthesis, the "language" of nucleic acids is translated into the "language" of proteins by various forms of RNA. | translation |
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