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GS Topic 2
Stack #20783
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 95 Theses | Document written by Martin Luther detailing what he believed to be the problems in the medieval Church |
| absolute monarchy | A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control. |
| Age of Exploration | Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans |
| Agrarian Revolution | A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the |
| Allied Powers | Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II. |
| American Revolution | Political revolution in the British North American Colonies starting in 1776 that removed the colonies from Great Britain’s control, and established an independent nation know as the United States of America. |
| anatomy | The branch of science that studies the physical structure of living organisms |
| anti-Semitism | The hatred of people of Jewish descent |
| arch | A curved structure that shapes the edge of an open space, such as, a doorway, a window. |
| Asian Tigers | Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. These nations have experienced rapid economic growth and prosperity due to industrialization, and were aligned both politically, and economically with the West throughout the Cold War |
| assassination | The killing of a political leader or other public figure |
| Axis Powers | Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | 1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989. |
| Aztecs | A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire. |
| Blüt und Eisen | Blood and Iron policy of Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck to unify all of Germany under Prussian control and build and expand it into a great empire. Very successful. |
| Bolshevik | Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917 |
| Bonaparte, Napoleon | (1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena |
| bourgeoisie | Term given to the middle class people in society |
| bubonic plague | An infectious disease transmitted by fleas. It is characterized by fever, chills, and the formation of swellings. Also known as the Black Plague or Black Death |
| Cabinet System | Collection of people who run various departments in government. Usually report to the chief executive, such as the prime Minister, or the President. |
| Calvin, John | 1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism during the Reformation. His church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain people are predestined for heaven |
| capital | Money that is used for investment |
| capitalism | An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand. |
| Catherine the Great | An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port |
| Cavour, Camillo | 1810-61) Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Instrumental in the unification of Italy |
| chancellor | Prime Minister, or chief executive of a country or nation state |
| Chinese Communist Revolution | A political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong. After several years of fighting the Kuomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949. |
| city-state | An independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding lands |
| civilization | A society that has a high level of culture and social organization including organized government, job specialization, and a organized belief system. |
| Cold War | Non shooting conflict between the Soviet Union and their allies and the United States and their allies. Numerous secondary conflicts arise due to the Cold War |
| colonialism | The policy of maintaining colonies as a source of raw materials and new markets. Practiced during old and new imperialism |
| colonization | A group of people moving from their homeland to a new area in large numbers. |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of goods and other things, such as disease from the Old World (Europe) to the new World (North and South America) and back |
| Command Economy | An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods |
| Commercial Revolution | A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price |
| communism | A system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction on personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto |
| Communist Manifesto, The | A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who |
| Communist Revolution | A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution. |
| constitution | A document detailing the fundamental laws of a country or organization |
| constitutional monarchy | A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who has limited power due to a constitution |
| Copernicus, Nicolaus | (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system) and laid the foundations of modern astronomy |
| corporation | A company with business dealings in many different areas |
| Counter-Reformation | The movement initiated by the Catholic Church to contain the Protestant Reformation and, if possible, end it |
| craftsman | A person who makes quality, practical or decorative goods |
| Crusades | European Christian military expeditions made between the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims |
| cultural diffusion | The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war |
| culture | The shared beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people |
| Czar | Title of the ruler of Russia. Taken from the word Caesar, which means emperor |
| Czar Nicholas II | (1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution’s leadership. |
| Da Gama, Vasco | (1469?-1524) Portuguese explorer who, in 1498, established an all water route to India |
| daimyo | Land owning feudal lords in Japan |
| democracy | A system of government in which the citizens hold the legislative, judicial, and executive power, based on majority rule |
| democratic republic | A political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature |
| Descartes, Rene | (1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. He said that human reason was capable of discovering and explaining the laws of nature and man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenmen |
| diaspora | The enforced spreading out of a group of people. In history, there has been both a Jewish Diaspora and an African Diaspora |
| dictatorship | A system of government in which a country is ruled by a single person with absolute power. |
| domesticate | To tame an animal to live with, or close to humans |
| emperor | Political ruler of a country of nation. Similar to a king |
| Enclosure Movement | During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes. |
| Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society. Occurred in Western Europe |
| ethnic cleansing | The removal of people of a specific ethnic group by means of genocide, terror, or forced expulsion |
| ethnic group | A group of people that shares distinctive cultural traits |
| European Community/European Union | Economic union between countries in Europe for mutual gain. Originally formed in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it later became the European Community in 1967, then the European Union in 1991. |
| evolution | The gradual change or development of something |
| excommunicate | To exclude a Christian from receiving the Sacraments |
| factory | A central location where goods are manufactured on a large scale |
| fascism | A system of government that promotes extreme nationalism, repression, anticommunism, and is ruled by a dictator |
| fertilizers | A substance spread onto soil to increase its ability to support crops. Fertilizers include organic materials, such as manure, but can also be man made chemicals such as nitrates. |
| Feudalism | A social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval European life |
| foreign policy | A nation’s actions regarding how they treat other nations |
| fraternity | group or society formed by people who share common interests |
| French Indochina | Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam |
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scottp
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