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World Civ
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Roman Republic | a flexible form of government by elected representatives that proved capable of military conquest and administrative efficiency |
| Carthaginian Empire | former phoenecian colony, great naval power, tried to conquer sicily, rome thought it would threaten its control of italy, reason for the punic wars |
| Struggle of the Orders | bitterly divisive social contest between the patricians and plebeians |
| Patricians | Roman aristocracy, hold most land and political offices, wealthy, powerful citizens, nobles, small minority of population |
| Plebeians | common people, peasants, craftsmen, traders, not necessarily poor, no political office |
| Senate | chief executives, most powerful branch |
| Hannibal | led Carthage during the second and third Punic Wars, crossed Alps with elephants |
| Punic Wars | 3 wars between Carthage and republican rome, fighting over the island of sicily, romans won |
| Latifundia | large estates being taken care of by slaves while landowners are gone |
| Tiberius Gracchus | tribune represents Plebeians, reposed bill and said to redistribute land to make it fair |
| Gaius Gracchus | said people should only get 500 iugera (320 acres), later killed by a mob |
| Rubicon | means "point of no return," Caesar said: "the die is cast," river |
| Julius Caesar | governor of Cisalpine Gaul, crossed the Rubicon River, declared himself dictator for life after pompey, grants citizenship to many people from provinces, appoints senators from provinces, orders landowners to hire free workers instead of just slaves |
| First Triumvirate | political alliance consisting of three rulers (marcus licinius, pompey, and julius caesar) formed by pompey |
| Ides | the 13th or 15th day of the month |
| Nones | the 5th or 7th day of the month |
| Kalends | the first day of the month |
| Roman Empire | no longer a roman republic, start of roman emperors |
| Princeps | "first" citizen, made Pontifex maximus (high priest), made tribune, not a king, Octavian (Augustus) |
| Imperator | emperor (not the same as king), Octavian (Augustus) |
| Pontifex Maximus | high priest, name given to Octavian (Augustus) |
| Primus inter pares | "first among equals," title gives the illusion that Octavian (Augustus) was elected |
| Praetorian Guard | special force of 9x500 soldiers, cohort (9) |
| Aqueduct | bring water to villages |
| Pax Romana | no internal wars, "roman peace" |
| Paterfamilias | oldest male figure of the household, lord/master of the home controlled and owned everything as if it were property (even family), had the right to kill his children |
| Materfamilias | duties to organize the household, distributed tasks to slaves, marriage was always arranged, woman owned the dowry, married very early, marriage was legal matter, men allowed to go to brothels, rich people bought slaves for pleasure |
| Di manes | |
| Di lares | |
| Lararium | |
| Sadducees | comes from Zadok (high priest under king solomon) opposed the pharisees, aristocratic priestly families, did not accept oral law, only Torah, rejected existence of angels, spirits, resurrection, afterlife, opposed Jesus and disciples, worked with Romans |
| Pharisees | "those who have been set apart" believe oral and written law, made sure Jewish state is strictly governed by Torah, believed in afterlife, angels, spirits, resurrection, and the coming of the Messiah, and opposed Roman rule |
| Essenes | hid the dead sea scrolls, lived in caves in the desert like hermits, monastic lifestyle (like a monk), live a life of abstinence, concluded that theworld would end soon |
| Zealots | radical believer, practiced terrorism and assassinatino not only against God's romans but also against some jews, want to overthrow Roman rule by force, would stab Roman soldiers and run away, some did not consider them Jewish sects |
| Torah | first five books of the Tanakh (Books of Moses), where Jews got their written law |
| Written vs. Oral Law | oral law was the rabbis' commentary on the written law, memorized and passed down through generations |
| Talmud | oral law that had been written down |
| Messiah | "Savior or anointed one" must come from the Davidic line |
| Theudas | claimed to be the Messiah in 45 CE |
| Simon bar Kokhba | claimed to be the Messiah, started Jewish revolt against Romans, annihilated many Roman soldiers |
| John the Baptist | a desert preacher, prophesied that the Messiah would soon arrive, probably essene |
| Jesus of Nazareth | descendant of David, grew up in Nazareth, began preaching at age 30, 12 disciples, used parables, taught that jews must love each other like they love God, sought to establish a spiritual kingdom, not a political one |
| Peter | galilean follower of Jesus and a man of traditional jewish beliefs who felt that Jesus' teachings were meant exclusively for jews |
| Paul of Tarsus | Greek-speaking Jew but Roman citizen, most likely a Pharisee, considered Jesus and his followers blasphemous, killed Christians, became one of the greates missionaries |
| Neronian Persecution | |
| Last Supper | last meal Jesus had with his followers before he was crucified, passover |
| Antonio Bosio | italian scholar, author of roma sotterranea, "columbus of the catacombs" |
| Roma Sotterranea | |
| Catacombs | Christians used these as a place of worship in order to stay hidden and not be persecuted |
| Ichthus | "Jesus Christ Son of God Savior" |
| The Good Shepherd | Jesus |
| Chi-Rho | "Christ" Alpha and Omega |
| Martyrdom | many christians and missionaries in rome were martyred for their faith |
| Apologetics | defense of faith |
| Constantine the Great | Pagan, Roman Emperor, sees vision of Chi-Rho, issues edict of milan |
| Edict of Milan | issued by constantine, christianity is accepted as a religion |
| Gratian | roman emperor, flavius fratianus augustus |
| Saint Ambrose | bishop of milan, influential ecclesiastical figure of the 4th century, started closing pagan temples, no longer called himself Pontifex Maximus |
| Theodosius I | roman emperor, contracted serious illness which made him accept christianity and fight here, made Christianity main religion of rome, last emperor to rule over both halves of the roman empire |
| Clergy | conduct church services (deacons, priests, bishops, patriarchs), must be celibate |
| Bishop | greater authority, cant hear confession |
| Patriarch | |
| Edward Gibbon | english historian "the decline and gall of the roman empire" |
| The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | |
| Marcus Aurelius | last of the "five good emperors" |
| Commodus | Roman emperor, son and successor of marcus aurelius, his sister made a conspiracy against him, he kills several people, gave Rome the name Colonia Commodiana, became a nutcase, strangled in the arena |
| Severus Alexander | became emperor at age 14, murdered by his own troops |
| Ardashir the Unifier | founder of the sassanid empire |
| Sasanian Empire | |
| Valerian | |
| Shapur | persian king |
| Diocletian | a soldier who had risen through the ranks and seized power as roman emperor for the eastern half, divided roman empire into four parts, |
| Constantinople | aka Byzantium, capital moved from rome to here by constantine |
| Western Roman Empire | ruled by Maximinianus |
| Eastern Roman Empire | ruled by Diocletian (dvided roman empire into two parts) |
| Diarchy | division of rome into two parts with two rulers |
| Tetrachy | division of rome into four parts with four rulers |
| Augustus | title given to the rulers of the east and west |
| Caesar | co-emperor |
| Pope Leo the Great | |
| Attila the Hun | pushed ostrogoths and visigoths into rome, stormed into the land of the ostrogoths, gothic king of alaric |
| Odoacer | |
| Romulus Augustulus | |
| Germanic Kingdoms | takes over western roman empire |
| Middle Ages | |
| Medieval | |
| Monasticism | life of a monk, living in a monastery |
| Rule of Benedict | |
| Clovis | first king of the franks to unite all of the frankish tribes, promised his wife hed become a christian if he won a battle, first germanic christian ruler/kingdom |
| The Franks | germanic tribes, came from rhine area, spread into belgium |
| Frankish Kingdom | rule by single king, hereditary kingship |
| Carolingian Empire | |
| Charlemagne | owns all of the frankish kingdoms, unifies them, one of the most significant rulers, christian king, also called charles the great, was asked by the pope to help put down an uprising, crowned holy roman emperor |
| Carolingian Renaissance | |
| Alcuin of York | |
| Trivium | |
| Quadrivium | |
| Vikings | sea faring, raiding people, expert navigators from scandanavian countries (sweden, norway, and denmark) |
| Muslims | |
| Magyars | |
| Feudalism | a king owns land, he leases out the land to the dukes, who lease it out to knights, who hire farmers to work it |
| Manor | large sum of land owned by the king |
| Fief | division of land for permanent lease |
| Vassal | relationship between the king and the duke, duke and the knight, knight and the farmers |
| Overlord | overseer, head of the land |
| Pope | head of the catholic church |
| Papacy | |
| Donation of Pepin | gives the pope the papal states because the pope had consecrated him as king again |
| Papal States | land given to the pope, now known as the vatican |
| Gregorian Reform | "the church is founded by God" pope has overall say in what should happen bc he is representative of God |
| Lay Investiture | pope is the only one who can invest the bishop, causes dispute between the pope and the holy roman emperor, they argue over who trumps the other |
| Church Council | |
| Cardinal | elects the pope |
| Papal Bull | |
| Simony | selling church offices to whoever is willing to pay the most money |
| Pope Gregory VII | instates gregorian reform movement, says popes are representatives of God on earth, power of popes is above the power of the emperors |
| Holy Roman Empire | empire run by the holy roman emperor, blessed by the pope |
| King Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor | became king of the germans at age 7, dukes and people of land wanted a weaker leader so they wouldn't have to listen |
| Investiture Controversy | pope vs holy roman emperor, efforts to consolidate imperial power |
| Walk to Canossa | pope says king henry is no longer holy roman empire, so henry shows up outside castle of canossa dressed like a beggar asking forgiveness, pope celebrates and vows not to appoint bishops anymore |
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