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Chapter 14
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
Tale of Genji, The | Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society |
Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in the mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power |
Bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
Samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to the local lords, not the emperor. |
Seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor. |
Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars. |
Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th-century Japan. |
Gempei Wars | Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
Bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. |
Shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu |
Hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto. |
Ashikaga Takuaji | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 136-1573;drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino |
Ashikaga Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority. |
Choson | Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han armies in 109 B.C.E. |
Koguryo | Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 B.C.E.; began a process of Sinification |
Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. |
Paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century. |
Sinification | Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam |
Yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
Khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south. |
Trung sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society. |
Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south. |
Nguyen | Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue. |
Trinh | Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1633 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south. |