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Chapter 14.
The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
Tale of Genji, The | Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society |
Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid 9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power |
bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects and collected revenues; built up private armies |
samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor |
seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th to 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars |
Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military gov. (bakufu) in 12th century Japan |
Gempei Wars | Waged five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
bakufu | Military gov. established by the Minamoto following the Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military gov. and samurai |
shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military govs in Japan) |
Hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto |
Ashikaga Takauji | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1537; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino |
Ashikaga Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336-1537; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority |
daimyos | Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and distruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states |
Choson | Earliest Korean kingdom conquered by Han armies in 109 b.c.e. |
Koguryo | Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 b.c.e.; began a process of Sinification |
Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea |
Paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century |
Sinification | Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam |
Yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
Khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at the time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
Trung sisters | Leaders of on of the frequent peasant rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese woman in indigenous society |
Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south |
Nguyen | Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue |
Trinh | Dynasty that ruled in north Vitenam at Hanoi, 1553 to 1772; rival of Nguyen family in south |