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Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is Romulus and who is Remus? Where and when were they found? | Legendary twins rescued by a she-wolf (Rome 753 B.C.E.) |
| When did the Etruscans dominate Italy? | Eighth to fifth centuries B.C.E. |
| Where was the kingdom of Rome? | On the TIber River |
| What happened to the last Etruscan king? | Rome nobility overthrew the last king in 509 B.C.E. |
| What two consuls were included in the Republican constitution? | Civil and military |
| How were the consuls elected? | By an assembly dominated by the patricians |
| Who advised the consuls and confirmed major decisions? | The senate |
| What sis the Patricians grant the plebeians? | They granted them the tribunes |
| What kind of power did the tribunes have? | To intervene and veto decisions |
| Plebeians did what in the early third century? | Dominated Roman politics |
| What did Rome do in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.? | Consolidated its position in Italy |
| Who did Rome have conflict with? | With Carthage (Punic Wars) and Hellenistic realms |
| Rome's power became superior where? | Eastern and western Mediterranean. |
| What did the Gracchi brothers do? What happened to them? | They supported land redistribution and they were both assassinated |
| Who did military commanders recruit? | Rural and urban, poor, intensely loyal armies |
| Who is Gaius Marius? | General who advocated land redistribution |
| Who supported general Lucius Cornelius Sulla? | Conservative aristocratic class |
| What did Octovian do? | He brought civil conflict to an end |
| Senate bestowed what title to whom and when? | Senate bestowed the title "Augustus" to Octavian in 27 B.C.E. |
| The monarchy was disguised as what? | As a republic |
| What did Augustus do? | He created his own army |
| What began to take root? | The imperial institutions |
| Where did the Roman Empire expand? | Into the Mediterranean basin, western Europe and down the Nile to Kush |
| What happened for two and a half centuries? | Pax romana, Roman Peace |
| Technology... | Roman roads; postal system |
| Roman Law | Tradition: 12 tables (450 B.C.E.) |
| What did owners of latifundia focus on? | Specialized production for export |
| What linked ports of the Mediterranean? | Sea lanes |
| Who helped keep the seas pirate free? | The Roman navy |
| What did the Mediterranean become? | The Roman lake |
| What fueled urban development? | Wealth of the city |
| More technology & art.. | Statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples and stadiums |
| What did they use as construction material? | Concrete (for the first time) |
| What were the attractions? | Baths, pools, gymnasia, circuses, stadiums and ampitheaters |
| Pater familias: | Oldest male of the family ruled |
| What role did the women play? | -They had considerable influence within their families -Supervised family business and wealthy estates |
| What did the newly rich classes build? | Palatial houses and they also threw lavish banquets |
| At what level did the cultivators and urban masses live at? | At subsistence level |
| What did the poor classes become in Rome and other cities? | They became a serious problem |
| How much of the population were slaves? | 1/3 of the population |
| When was Spartacus' uprising? | In 73 B.C.E. |
| Roman deities: | Gods, goddesses and household gods |
| Stoicism: | Greek influence; Appealed to Roman intellectuals |
| Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) | Persuasive orator and writer on Stoicism |
| What did religions of salvation do? | They gave sense of purposed and promised an afterlife |
| What was one purpose of the Roman roads? | Religious highways in order to spread religion |
| Mithraism: | Popular with Roman soldiers--men only |
| What cult became very popular? | Isis |
| State cults were considered as blasphemy by who? | Monotheistic Jews |
| Doctrines.. | The Essenes, sect of Judaism; Dead Sea Scrolls |
| Jesus of Nazareth | -Jewish teacher who taught devotion to God and love for human beings -Attracted crowds through his wisdom and miraculous powers -Became "Christ: or the "anointed one" |
| What alarmed the Romans? | The teaching that "the kingdom of God is at hand" |
| What happened in early 30s B.C.E.? | Crucifixion |
| Holy book of Christianity: | The New Testament & The Old Testemant |
| Paul of Taurus: | Principle figure in spread of Christianity |
| Rapid growth of Christianity: | -Strong appeal to lower classes, urban population and women -Most influential faith in the Mediterranean by the third century B.C.E. |
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alexis3102
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