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Early Middle Ages
Middle Ages, Franks, Feudalism, Catholic Church, Gillespie, B;lack Death, Crusa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who were the Magyars? | nomadic herder-warriors from Asia who settled in Hungary |
| Who were the Vikings? | Scandinavian warriors who invaded Northern Europe, especially the British Isles, Iceland, Greenland and Russia. |
| What was the effect of the invasions of the Magyars, Vikings and Muslims? | disrupted trade, political instability that led to a strengthening of feudalism |
| Explain the lord-vassal agreement | In exchange for land (fief) a vassal promised loyalty and knights to his lord. He also promised to serve on the lord's court, pay dowry and ransom. |
| Fief | Land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the promise of loyalty |
| Knights | trained soldiers or warriors of Europe's Middle Ages |
| Code of Chivalry | promises made by medieval knights including to protect the Church, be loyal and service, honesty |
| What role did castles play in feudalism? | fortifications for lords |
| What does self-sufficient mean? | able to provide for oneself without outside assistance |
| How were manors self-sufficient? | Manors provided everything needed from the physical (land, forests, orchards, crops), spiritual (parish churches), bake houses, mills, etc. |
| Why was it important for manors to be self-sufficient? | Without a strong centralized government, warfare was common, so trade was risky and limited. It was a matter of survival. |
| Serf | peasant who is bound to the land and works for the lord of the manor (farm work mostly) |
| Act of homage | the oath in which loyalty is pledged between a lord and vassal |
| During feudal times, the economy was based on? | land/agriculture, trade was limited to towns |
| Why did feudalism begin? | with the absence of a strong centralized government, like the Roman Empire, kings were too weak to rule. Feudal relations (lord-vassal) were entered into to provide protection and stability. |
| Vassal | person who enters into the mutual obligation with a lord or king and offers to provide military support in exchange for land/fief |
| Which civilizations fought at the Battle of Tours? | Battle between Catholic Franks and Arab Berber Muslims |
| Who led the Franks to victory at the Battle of Tours? | Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel |
| Why was the Battle of Tours important? | It halted Muslim expansion into Western Europe and preserved Western Europe as Christian |
| What culture did Charlemagne attempt to revive? | Roman |
| Who was the crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD? | Charlemagne |
| Treaty of Verdun | The Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts (given to grandsons) |
| heresy | act or belief that challenges a church's teachings |
| heretic | someone who commits an act of heresy |
| excommunicate | to kick out or ban from the church |
| Inquisition | Catholic Court used to try people for committing heresy |
| monastery | place where monks lived |
| What roles did monasteries play in the Middle Ages? | provided welfare for poor, ran hospitals, took care of orphans...monks were among the few educated people so they also preserved the teachings of Greeks and Romans |
| Why was the Catholic Church a political force in the Middle Ages? | the line between church officials and government officials was often difficult to distinguish, the Catholic Church was a major landowner in feudalism and the Papal States |
| Why did the Catholic Church have incredible religious powers in the Middle Ages? | people believed they were sinners and the only way to achieve salvation was through the Catholic Church (issuing of sacraments) |
| The Catholic Church became increasingly wealthy during the Middle Ages. Why? | tithes, land holdings, corrupt practices |
| tithe | voluntary payment or tax (usually 10%) paid to the church |
| How did the Frankish kings extend their influence over Western Europe? | conquering and working with the Catholic Church |
| What were the accomplishments of Charlemagne? | conquered most of western Europe, crowned Holy Roman Emperor, temporary unification of Europe (and the order that came with it), revived education |
| What were the Holy Lands? | Jerusalem |
| Why was Jerusalem prized by all three monotheistic religions? | It was the land promised to Abraham, the area of Jesus' resurrection, and the where Muhammad rose to heaven |
| Who made the call for the first Crusade? | Pope Urban II |
| What were the Crusades? | series of holy wars by Christians to reconquer the Holy Lands from Muslims |
| Saladin | Sunni Muslim statesman who retook the lands of Jerusalem leading to further Crusades despite his promise to allow all worshipers freedom of passage |
| What city was destroyed by the Fourth Crusade? | Constantinople |
| What were the results of the Crusades? | weakened feudalism and the Catholic Church, strengthened monarchies, led to increased trade between Muslim world and Europe |
| Why did people go on the Crusades? | opportunity for land, wealth, status, freedom from feudal obligations, adventure, promise of salvation (for those who died on the Crusade) |
| What were the Crusader States? | four feudal territories established by Christians after their victory in the first Crusade |
| How did the Black Death enter Europe? | trade routes from the Black Sea |
| How did the Black Death spread? | trade routes, rats carried fleas who spread it to humans |
| How many people died as a result of the Black Death? | 25 million (approximately) |
| Bubonic plague | Black Death |
| How did the Bubonic Plague impact Europe? | led to new medical practices, scarcity of labor allowed serfs to make increased demands and weakened feudalism, cities and poor were hit extremely hard |
| Scholasticism | educational philosophy of the Middle Ages that blended Christian teachings and the philosophy of Aristotle |
| What technological advancements were introduced to Europeans during the Middle Ages? | lateen sail (from India); magnetic compass (China); waterwheel; windmill |
| How did the knowledge of paper-making arrive in Europe? | After being invented in China, Muslims learned of its usage and spread that knowledge to Byzantium and Western Europe |
| In Europe before their knowledge of paper-making on what were most products written? | Parchment |
| What are some synonyms for the Middle Ages? | medieval, Dark Ages (don't use this one), Age of Faith |
| What is the design of the traditional feudal pyramid? | From top to bottom: Kings, High Lords, Lesser Lords, Knights, Peasants and Serfs |
| Missi Dominici | refers to a person selected by the Frankish kings to help administer justice on a local level |
| Benedict (of Nursia) | father of monastic movement who established rules of conduct for monks to live by (obedience, community life, order, expert on prayer and religioius matters, etc) |
| What cultures blended in the Middle Ages? | Germanic, Roman, Catholicism |
| investiture | ceremony where a fief was given to a vassal or a member of the clergy received his staff and other spiritual symbols |
| Carolingian | The Frankish dynasty that began with Pepin the Short and continued through the Treaty of Verdun |
| Merovingian | kingdom that ruled over Franks until Pepin the Short took over--made famous by Clovis |
| Clovis | Frankish king who converted to Christianity |
| Pepin the Short | First Frankish king of Carolingian Dynasty (son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne); anointed by the Pope which allowed him to extend his power, he defeated the Lombards and gave land to the Pope (what would become the Papal States |
| anoint | to be blessed with holy oil/water |
| Pope Gregory | Pope who strengthened the monastic movement, sent missionaries to successful spread Catholicism in England; began to independently rule papal lands in Italy |
| Papal States | lands belonging to the Catholic Church/Pope in Italy |
| What product was trade by West Africans to Europeans? | Gold |
Created by:
rgillespie
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