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History Test Cards 1
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (Chapter 11) Irenaeus | Declared that all churches must agree with the church of Rome. |
| (Chapter 11) Petrine Theory | Theorized that Christ founded His church upon the apostle Peter. |
| (Chapter 11) Pope | Latin for "papa". |
| (Chapter 11) Gelasius the 1st | Issued the Doctrine of the 2 Swords. |
| (Chapter 11) Papacy | Single most powerful institution in Western Europe. |
| (Chapter 11) Gregory the 1st | First medieval pope. |
| (Chapter 11) Sacraments | Sacred acts that earned God's grace. |
| (Chapter 11+12) John Wycliffe | Translated the Latin Bible into English. Called the Morning Star of the Reformation. |
| (Chapter 11) Peter Waldo | Translated the Bible for the people of the Alps. |
| (Chapter 11) Council of Toulouse | Forbade anyone but clergymen from having a Bible. |
| (Chapter 11) Breviary | Service and worship book of the Church. |
| (Chapter 11) Monasticism | Withdrawing from society. |
| (Chapter 11) Friars | Monks that did missionary work. |
| (Chapter 11) Types of Monks | Benedictine, Franciscans, Dominicans. |
| (Chapter 11) Patrick | Missionary to Ireland. |
| (Chapter 11) Clovis | Frankish king, started the Merovingian line of kings. |
| (Chapter 11) Mayor of the Palace | Had power during the Merovingian line. |
| (Chapter 11) Charles Martel | Fended off the Moors. |
| (Chapter 11) Pepin | Charles' son. Defeated the Lombards and gave their land to the pope. This land was known as the Papal States. |
| (Chapter 11) Charlemagne | Pepin's son. Crowned as Emperor of Rome on Christmas day. |
| (Chapter 11) Charlemagne's Empire | Largest since the Roman Empire. |
| (Chapter 11) Vikings | Descended upon Europe. |
| (Chapter 11) Treaty of Verdun | Divided Charlemagne's Empire. |
| (Chapter 11) Pope Innocent the 3rd | Papacy gained its peak of power under him. |
| (Chapter 11) Inquisition | Special Court dealing with matters of heresy. |
| (Chapter 11) Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy | Pope and Cardinals came under the control of the French. |
| (Chapter 11) Great Schism | Time of rival Popes in the Roman Church. |
| (Chapter 11) Otto the Great | Used to give birth to the Holy Roman Empire. |
| (Chapter 11) Frederick Barbarossa | First in the Hohenstaufen line of kings. |
| (Chapter 12) Peasant's Crusade | Crusade led by farmers. |
| (Chapter 12) First Crusade | 50,000 crusaders took a strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea. |
| (Chapter 12) Bernard of Clairvaux | Started Second Crusade, accomplished nothing. |
| (Chapter 12) Third Crusade | Led by Richard the 1st, accomplished little. |
| (Chapter 12) Saladin | United Muslims against the crusaders. |
| (Chapter 12) Fourth Crusade | Never reached the Holy Land. |
| (Chapter 12) Children's Crusade | French children attempted to march to the Holy Land. |
| (Chapter 12) Burgs | Middle-class towns. |
| (Chapter 12) Guilds | Early form of trade unions. |
| (Chapter 12) Flanders | Known for its wool goods. |
| (Chapter 12) Medici | A leading banking family in Florence. |
| (Chapter 12) Gothic Architecture | Had tall walls with many pointed windows. |
| (Chapter 12) The Black Death | Disease that killed 25,000,000 people, approximately 1/3 of Europe's population. |
| (Chapter 12) Salerno | Location of the first medieval university. |
| (Chapter 12) Prague | Oldest German university. |
| (Chapter 12) Scholasticism | Combined Greek philosophy with Romanism. |
| (Chapter 12) Thomas Aquinas | Promoted Scholasticism and Thomism. |
| (Chapter 12) Roger Bacon | An English Franciscan scientist. |
| (Chapter 12) John Huss | Preached in Bohemia. |
| (Chapter 12) Gerhard Groote | Organized the Brethren of the Common Life. |
| (Chapter 12) Thomas a Kempis | Wrote the Imitation of Christ. |
| (Chapter 12) Dante | Wrote Divine Comedy. |
| (Chapter 12) Geoffrey Chaucer | Wrote the Canterbury Tales. |
| (Chapter 12) Savonarola | Roman Priest. Lived in Florence. |
| (Chapter 12) Feudalism | Way of life based upon the ownership and use of land. |
| (Chapter 12) Crown Land | Land used by the king. |
| (Chapter 12) Fief | Land held by one man. |
| (Chapter 12) Chivalry | Code of Conduct for knights. |
| (Chapter 12) Squire | Became knight around the age of 21 years. |
| (Chapter 12) Heraldry | Colorful and unique symbols displayed on armor. |
| (Chapter 12) Jousts | Two knights fought to knock each other off their horses. |
| (Chapter 12) Minstrels | Musicians who played simple instruments and sang songs of love and war. |
| (Chapter 12) Manors | Estates that belonged to the nobles. |
| (Chapter 12) Serfs | Peasants. |
| (Chapter 12) Demesne | Lord's Fields. |
| (Chapter 12) Truce of God | When Church forbade fighting on certain days. |
| (Chapter 12) Petrarch | Father of Humanism. |
| (Chapter 12) The Prince | Only book of lasting importance. Written by Niccolo Machiavelli. |
| (Chapter 12) Patrons | People that use their own money to support the arts. |
| (Chapter 12) Leonardo da Vinci | Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. |
| (Chapter 12) Raphael | Painted the School of Athens. |
| (Chapter 12) Michelangelo | Painted the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and made statues of David and Moses. |
| (Chapter 12) ::ESSAY:: | The Middle Age is often called the Dark Age because Europe had a distorted view of Christianity. They were brought out of it by the growth of towns, learning, freedom, The Reformation, The Renaissance of Classical Learning, and the Printing Press. |
| (Chapter 12) Printing Press | Created by Johann Gutenburg at around 1440. |