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Chapter 8
The Unification of China
| Question or Term | Answer or Definition |
|---|---|
| Who was Confucius? | Educator and political advisor. His disciples put together his sayings in the Analects. |
| Junzi | "Superior individuals" |
| Analects | Book of Confucius' teachings and sayings that has influenced the political and cultural traditions of China. |
| Confucius thoughts... | Character: moral & ethical Practical: restoration of political & social order |
| Edited & put together Zhou classics for what? | In order for his disciples to study. |
| Ren | Sense of humanity, kindness and benevolence. |
| Li | Sense of propriety, courtesy, respect and deference to elders |
| Xiao | Devoted piety and family obligation |
| Spokesman for the Confucian school... | Mencius |
| How did Mencius advocate the government? | Mencius advocated the government through benevolence and humanity. |
| This person believed that humans pursue their own interests selfishly: | Xunzi |
| What did Xunzi prefer? | He preferred harsh social disciple in order to have order in the society. Xunzi also supported moral education and good behavior in public. |
| What preference did Doaism have? | The Daoism prefernce was philosophical reflection and introspection, harmonizing with nature. |
| Who was the founder of Daoism and what did he write? | Laozi was the founder of Daosim and he wrote the Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue) |
| Compendium of Daoist philosophy: | Zhuangzi |
| The Dao is known as the way of what? | The way of nature and they way of the cosmos. |
| Elusive concept: | Eternal principle governing all the workings of the world |
| What should humans do? | Humans should fix their behavior to the nature of the Dao. |
| What causes chaos in the world? | Ambition and activism cause chaos. |
| Wuwei doctrine: | Disengagement from worldly affairs, having a simple life. |
| Political implications: | Counterbalance to Confucian activism |
| Practical and efficient doctrine: | No concern with ethics, morality and the principles governing nature: |
| Shang Yang: | Chief minister of Qin & legalist writer |
| Han Feizi: | Combined legalist ideas in essays. |
| Legalist doctrine: | -Agriculture & military force were the strengths of the state -Put off education, the arts and commerce -Made the self-interest of the people useful for the needs of the state -Minor infractions=harsh penalties -Put an end to the Warring States |
| Qin Dynasty (west China) adopted legalist policies | -Encouraged agriculture--> strong economy -Organized powerful army w/ iron weapons -Conquered states & in 221 B.C.E. it unified China |
| Who was the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty? | Qin Shihuangdi (221 B.C.E.) |
| Qin Shihuangdi | -Centralized imperial rule -Connecting & extending the Great Wall project -Due to criticism against the Qin, he buried 460 scholars alive -Burned all books except the ones with efficient value |
| Tomb of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty: | -Underground palace w/life-size terra-cotta figures |
| Collapse of the Qin Dynasty: | -Ill will due to massive public works -207 B.C.E.: rebels overwhelmed the Qin court |
| Liu Bang | -Early Han Dynasty -Restored order by 206 B.C.E. |
| Early Han Policies | -In between Zhou decentralization and Qin over-centralization -Centralization and expansion was emphasized by the Martial Emperor, Han Wudi |
| Han centralization | -Built a bureaucracy to rule the empire -Built roads & canals -Levied taxes on agriculture, trade & craft industries -Monopolies on production of salt & iron -Confucian educational system to train bureaucrats |
| Former Han: | Patriarchal social order -Women subordination |
| Admonitions for Women: | Ban Zhao wrote this emphasizing humility, obedience, subservience & devotion to their husbands |
| Bulk of population were... | Cultivators |
| Iron metallurgy | Farming tools, utensils and weapons |
| What replaced silk and bamboo as writing material? | Paper |
| From 220 B.C.E. to 9 C.E., what was the population growth? | Twenty million to sixty million |
| What discouraged investment in manufacture and trade? | Taxes and land confiscations. |
| What were social tensions caused by? | They were caused by stratification between the poor and the rich. |
| Reign of Wang Mang | -"socialist emperor" reforms the land -23 C.E.: overthrown by revolts |
| Yellow Turban Uprising | Revolt caused by problems of land distribution |
| Collapse of Han | -Central government paralyzed by the factions at court -Empire was dissolved and China was divided into regional kingdoms |
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alexis3102
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